Analyzing spatial patterns of urban green infrastructure for urban cooling and social equity
Open accessAbstract
‘Greening’ urban areas is a key strategy to counteract rising urban temperatures and their negative impacts on human health and well-being. Efficient green space management is needed for optimizing ecosystem benefits in urban areas with limited space availability. Existing research often overlooks the spatial configuration of urban green infrastructure (UGI) and focuses on single scales, limiting its application. Our study evaluates how the composition and configuration of UGI impacts the supply of cooling services at two spatial scales. We also assess the equity of access to these cooling services in Montreal, considering socioeconomic factors. Using a statistical model based on three key predictors, percent cover of both high and low vegetation and the largest patch index of high vegetation, we predict the cooling supply of UGI during summer daytime with a moderately high accuracy (R 2 = 0.80). Our results showed that during the day, an increase of 10 % in the percent cover of high vegetation, percent cover of low vegetation, or largest patch index of high vegetation would lead to a decrease in average land surface temperature of 1.41 °C, 0.76 °C, or 0.20 °C, respectively. To assess social equity, we developed a cooling demand index based on the proportion of vulnerable groups, focusing on older adults and young children. Mapping mismatches in cooling supply and demand revealed that neighborhoods with higher proportions of visible minorities and low-income residents had significantly lower access to cooling services. Conversely, access was significantly positively correlated with income and post-secondary education levels. Overall, our results offer practical guidance for designing UGI layouts that maximize cooling supply and emphasize the need to prioritize underserved communities in urban greening efforts. • Percent cover and largest patch index of trees are key factors explaining vegetation cooling. • The importance of configuration of urban greening is larger at finer spatial scales. • Planting trees in more concentrated clusters can enhance daytime cooling. • Vulnerable populations in marginalized communities receive less cooling service.
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- Authors
- Li, L., Kross, A., Ziter, C. D., & Eicker, U.
- Affiliations
- Concordia University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Lingshan
- Venue
- Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-10
- Volume
- 112
- Pages
- 128983
- ISSN
- 1610-8167 (ISSN-L)
- 1618-8667
- OpenAlex
- W4412753343
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Urban forestry & urban greening (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Trottier Family Foundation
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Urban Arborization and Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- urban green infrastructure, urban cooling, land surface temperature, largest patch index, vegetation cover, social equity, vulnerable populations, older adults, children, visible minorities, low-income populations, urban greening, Montreal
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