A review of studies assessing ecosystem services provided by urban green and blue infrastructure
Open accessAbstract
Urban green and blue infrastructure (GBI) and associated ecosystem services (ES) are increasingly recognized for their potential to address urban sustainability challenges. This has resulted in an increase in studies quantifying ES in cities. In this review, we analysed 850 peer-reviewed publications to characterize urban ES assessment in terms of geographical location, urban GBI type and methodological aspects (e.g. ES indicators). The analyses covered six ES: local temperature regulation, stormwater regulation, waste treatment, air quality regulation, pollination, and recreation and aesthetic appreciation. The majority of ES assessments focused on local temperature regulation (36%) and recreation and aesthetic appreciation (23%) and assessments were often conducted within unspecified green space (30%) and parks (26%). A common method to assess GBI performance was the comparison of ES delivery along a gradient of vegetation cover (24%). Moreover, assessments used a wide variety of ES indicators. Most assessments quantified ecosystem properties (59%), while a minority assessed actual benefits to people, recognized values or societal demands. To advance insights in the effectiveness of GBI, we recommend increased research attention towards i) increasing the coverage of less studied ES, GBI types and geographical regions, ii) quantifying actual benefits of GBI by comparing ES supply and societal demand, and iii) comparing effectiveness across different GBI types and in relation to grey infrastructure.
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There is a dominance of studies on terrestrial NbS with relatively limited research on aquatic and marine NbS and their cobenefits.
“Another dimension in the ecological challenge is the dominance of studies on terrestrial NbS with relatively limited research on aquatic and marine NbS and their cobenefits (34, 36).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Section 4.1 reports that blue infrastructure is underrepresented in the literature and describes its potential benefits. The review concerns urban green and blue infrastructure; it does not establish the same research imbalance for marine NbS or specifically for research on their cobenefits. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral reviews highlight how certain types of NbS studied in the Global North are less relevant for the Global South.
“Several reviews highlight how certain types of NbS studied in the Global North are less relevant for the Global South (34).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Section 4.1 reports that urban green and blue infrastructure studies are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere. Section 4.3 says cities in the Global South face different challenges and calls for research on infrastructure effectiveness there. The review does not establish that particular types studied in the Global North are less relevant in the Global South. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGlobal South cities were often noted as locations of knowledge gaps, with regionally appropriate knowledge generally scant on how to adapt local NbS to larger scales.
“Global South cities were often noted as locations of knowledge gaps (27, 34, 37), with regionally appropriate knowledge generally scant on how to adapt local NbS to larger scales (38).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Section 4.3 (page not provided) calls for more region-specific evidence on urban green and blue infrastructure, particularly in the Global South, and says small-scale innovations are understudied. It does not address how to adapt local nature-based solutions to larger scales, which is the specific point attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCurrently, NbS tend to be conceptualized in the Global North and replicated in the Global South, which ignores disparities in ecological and socioeconomic contexts.
“Currently, NbS tend to be conceptualized in the Global North and replicated in the Global South, which ignores disparities in ecological and socioeconomic contexts (34, 46).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Section 4.1 reports that assessments of urban green and blue infrastructure are concentrated in the northern hemisphere. Section 4.3 says cities in the Global South face distinctly different challenges and calls for more research there. The paper does not say that NbS developed in the Global North are being replicated in the Global South, or that such replication ignores local contexts. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Dudek, T., Kasprzyk, I., & Dulska-Jeż, A. (2018) · European Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1007/s10342-018-1144-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Geography of Future Water Challenges
Ward, P. J. (2018) · VU Research Portal · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Barriers to Millennials Visiting Rouge Urban National Park
Ramsay, G., Dodds, R., Furtado, D., Mykhayletska, Y., Kirichenko, A., & Majedian, M. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9060904 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mitigation potential of green structures on local urban microclimate using ENVI-met model
Ebrahimnejad, R., Noori, O., & Deihimfard, R. (2017) · International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development · doi:10.1080/19463138.2017.1370424 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Boanca, P. I., Dumitraș, A., Luca, L. C., Bors-Oprișa, S., & Laczi, E. (2018) · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.15244/pjoes/79271 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cui, F., Zhou, Q., Wang, Y., et al. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · doi:10.1080/10934529.2011.571994 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Water Quality Impacts of Green Roofs Compared with Other Vegetated Sites
Barr, C. M., Gallagher, P. M., Wadzuk, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment · doi:10.1061/jswbay.0000825 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Uptake of metals by plants in urban areas
Karbassi, S., Malek, M., Shahriari, T., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-016-1110-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Bing-liang, S., Liu, Y.-G., et al. (2016) · Journal of Central South University · doi:10.1007/s11771-016-3346-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2014. In: Urban Areas Climate Change 2014 -Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects: Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 535-612. https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781107415379.013. · DOI
- MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), 2005. Ecosystems and human wellbeing: a framework for assessment. Island Press, Washington, DC.
- aaa81a. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions
McPhearson, T., Frantzeskaki, N., Ossola, A., Diep, L., Anderson, P. M. L., Blatch, T., Collier, M. J., Cook, E. M., Culwick Fatti, C., Grabowski, Z. J., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2315910121 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Limited evidence - based planning highlights an overall lack of city - scale empirical evidence on the combined economic and noneconomic benefits of NbS ( 100 ).”
Analyzing spatial patterns of urban green infrastructure for urban cooling and social equity
Li, L., Kross, A., Ziter, C. D., & Eicker, U. (2025) · Urban Forestry & Urban Greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128983 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Veerkamp, C. J., Schipper, A. M., Hedlund, K., Lazarova, T., Nordin, A., & Hanson, H. I.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (NL)
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Veerkamp, Clara J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Ecosystem Services
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 52
- Pages
- 101367
- ISSN
- 2212-0416 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3202778908
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 12.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ecosystem Services (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (730243)
- Swedish Research Council Formas (2016\u201000324)
- European Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Urban Arborization and Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- urban sustainability, stormwater regulation, waste treatment, air pollution regulation, pollination, ecosystem service indicators, green spaces, parks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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