Cited by 149Vaccine Coverage and HesitancyMobile Health and mHealth ApplicationsICT in Developing Communities

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The feasibility of using mobile-phone based SMS reminders and conditional cash transfers to improve timely immunization in rural Kenya

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Wakadha, Hotenzia, Chandir, Subhash, Were, Elijah Victor, Rubin, Alan, Obor, David, Levine, Orin S., Gibson, Dustin G., Odhiambo, Frank, Laserson, Kayla F., Feikin, Daniel R.·2013·Vaccine

DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.093PMC PMC4603391

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Abstract

Background Demand-side strategies could contribute to achieving high and timely vaccine coverage in rural Africa, but require platforms to deliver either messages or conditional cash transfers (CCTs). We studied the feasibility of using short message services (SMS) reminders and mobile phone-based conditional cash transfers (CCTs) to reach parents in rural Western Kenya.Methods In a Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), mothers with children aged 0-3 weeks old were approached to determine who had access to a mobile phone. SMS reminders were sent three days prior to and on the scheduled day of immunization for 1st (age 6 weeks) and 2nd doses (age 10 weeks) of DTP-HepB-Hib (Pentavalent) vaccine, using open-source Rapid SMS software. Approximately $2.00 USD was sent as cash using mPESA, a mobile money transfer platform (2/3 of mothers), or airtime (1/3 of mothers) via phone if the child was vaccinated within 4 weeks of the scheduled date. Follow-up surveys were done when children reached 14 weeks of age.Results We approached 77 mothers; 72 were enrolled into the study (26% owned a phone and 74% used someone else's). Of the 63 children with known vaccination status at 14 weeks of age, 57 (90%) received pentavalent1 and 54 (86%) received pentavalent2 within 4 weeks of their scheduled date. Of the 61 mothers with follow-up surveys administered at 14 weeks of age, 55 (90%) reported having received SMS reminders. Of the 54 women who reported having received SMS reminders and answered the CCT questions on the survey, 45 (83%) reported receiving their CCT. Most (89%) of mothers in the mPESA group obtained their cash within 3 days of being sent their credit via mobile phone. All mothers stated they preferred CCTs as cash via mobile phone rather than airtime. Of the 9 participants who did not vaccinate their children at the designated clinic 2(22%) cited refusals by husbands to participate in the study.Conclusion The data show that in rural Western Kenya mobile phone-based strategies are a potentially useful platform to deliver reminders and cash transfers. Follow-up studies are needed that provide evidence for the effectiveness of these strategies in improving vaccine coverage and timeliness.

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Authors: Wakadha, H., Chandir, S., Were, E. V., Rubin, A., Obor, D., Levine, O. S., Gibson, D. G., Odhiambo, F., Laserson, K. F., & Feikin, D. R.
Affiliations: Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author: Feikin, Daniel R.
ORCID: Chandir, Subhash
Rubin, Alan
Obor, David
Levine, Orin S.
Gibson, Dustin G.
Odhiambo, Frank
Feikin, Daniel R.
Venue: Vaccine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-01
Volume: 31
Issue: 6
Pages: 987-993
ISSN: 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.093
PMC: PMC4603391
OpenAlex: W1968021637
Cited by: 149
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 8.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Vaccine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: KEMRI
CDC
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › ICT in Developing Communities
Keywords: SMS reminders, conditional cash transfers, pentavalent vaccine, vaccination coverage, demand-side strategies, mobile money, rural Kenya
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Immunization, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Kenya, Male, Pilot Projects, Reimbursement, Incentive, Rural Population, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, Reminder Systems, Hepatitis B Vaccines, Haemophilus Vaccines, Cell Phone, Young Adult

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The feasibility of using mobile-phone based SMS reminders and conditional cash transfers to improve timely immunization in rural Kenya

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