Transforming vaccines supply chains in Nigeria
Open accessAbstract
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and in 2012 was suffering some of the lowest vaccination rates in the World. A combination of factors had resulted in a dysfunctional immunization cold chain and supply chain. Recognizing that the number of unimmunized children contributed to high levels of under-5-mortality, and that health MDGs would not be attained, Minister of State for Health Mohammed Pate launched a vaccines transformation project in 2013. In partnership with BMGF, GAVI, UNICEF, WHO, other donors and implementing partners the transformation journey has so far taken three years and achieved impressive results. It has though faced challenges along the way and with the financial burden of GAVI graduation facing Nigeria, the economic downturn and the decentralized funding of health services, the results are far from sustained. This paper documents the work undertaken at the Federal level and then highlights specific work undertaken in partnership with Lagos State Government. It identifies the importance of taking an end to end approach and looking at the root causes of weak system performance. The strategy combined simple innovations in how data was captured, recorded and used to drive decision making. It included a comprehensive and systematic approach to cold chain procurement, installation and maintenance with a shift to a culture of active cold chain maintenance that is performing with higher levels of uptime. It also included supply chain redesign at both the Federal and State level. Finally, it involved an institutional transformation at the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) to establish a data driven Department of Logistics and Health Commodities (DLHC) to manage the many challenges in immunizing 7.5 million children annually. While results have been impressive, there have been many challenges and lessons learned on the way. As Nigeria gets ready for its graduation from GAVI, a robust agile performing cold chain and supply chain will be essential for the good health of Nigeria's children and its economy. The necessary transformation journey has only just begun.
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Many reviewed studies used data from multiple centres across the country or population-based surveys, and thus may be nationally representative.
“Many of the reviewed studies used data from multiple centres across the country (or population-based surveys) [3, 8, 15, 20, 22–24, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38], and thus, maybe nationally representative.”
From Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
The review identified poor data management challenges in Nigeria's medicine and vaccine supply chains, including poor procurement, incomplete forecasting, poor data collection, use and management, poor reliability and availability of data for forecasting and decision making, and sub-optimal data on vaccine stock.
“Poor procurement, incomplete forecasting, poor data collection, use and management, Poor reliability and availability of data for forecasting and decision making, Sub-optimal data on vaccine stock, Poor reliability and availability of data for forecasting and decision making”
From Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
The review identified financial challenges in Nigeria's medicine and vaccine supply chains, including corruption concerning funds meant for medicine supply, poor or inadequate funding, and lack of funds.
“Lack of financial resources, Poor funding for vaccine supply”
From Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
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A Proof for the Queuing Formula: <i>L</i> = λ <i>W</i>
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A PROOF OF THE QUEUING FORMULA
Littler, J. D. (1961) · Cited by 260 · see citing works
The imperative for stronger vaccine supply and logistics systems
Zaffran, M., Vandelaer, J., Kristensen, D. D., Melgaard, B., Yadav, P., Antwi-Agyei, K. O., & Heidi Lasher, B. (2013) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.036 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mui Aina et al., Preliminary Results from Direct-To-Facility Vaccine Deliveries in Kano, Nigeria, Forthcoming in the Vaccines special edition on supply chain.
Cited by
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Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review
Olutuase, V. O., Iwu-Jaja, C. J., Akuoko, C. P., Adewuyi, E. O., & Khanal, V. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12361-9 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Impact of vaccine stockouts on immunization coverage in Nigeria
Gooding, E., Spiliotopoulou, E., & Yadav, P. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sarley, D., Mahmud, M., Idris, J., Osunkiyesi, M., Dibosa-Osadolor, O., Okebukola, P., & Wiwa, O.
- Affiliations
- Gates Foundation (US)
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NG)
- Lagos State Government (NG)
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (US)
- McKinsey & Company (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sarley, David
- Venue
- Vaccine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 2167-2174
- ISSN
- 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2600050241
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 4.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Vaccine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Supply Chain and Inventory Management
- Keywords
- vaccine supply chain, vaccination coverage, health system transformation, cold chain maintenance, supply chain redesign, Lagos State, under-five mortality, Nigeria
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Nigeria, Organization and Administration, Refrigeration, Vaccines, Immunization Programs
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