Impact of vaccine stockouts on immunization coverage in Nigeria
Abstract
Improving immunization coverage requires creating reliable supply of vaccines and immunization supplies; trained and incentivized health workers; and strategies to improve the demand for immunization. Yet, the interplay of demand and supply side factors on immunization coverage has not been evaluated in literature with data. We use data from Nigeria and a mixed-effects general linear model to estimate the effect of vaccine availability on routine immunization coverage and to identify demand and health system factors which affect this relationship. We find that when vaccine stockouts occur at Local Government Area stores in Nigeria, they significantly decrease the number of children immunized, and for most vaccines, the effect lasts for several months after a stockout. Some of the demand lost when a stockout occurs is recovered over the following six months as children catch up with the regimen. The magnitude of the impact varies across different vaccines.
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Many reviewed studies used data from multiple centres across the country or population-based surveys, and thus may be nationally representative.
“Many of the reviewed studies used data from multiple centres across the country (or population-based surveys) [3, 8, 15, 20, 22–24, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38], and thus, maybe nationally representative.”
From Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review
Olutuase, V. O., Iwu-Jaja, C. J., Akuoko, C. P., Adewuyi, E. O., & Khanal, V. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12361-9 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Gooding, E., Spiliotopoulou, E., & Yadav, P.
- Affiliations
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gooding, Emily
- Venue
- Vaccine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-08
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 5104-5110
- ISSN
- 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2956037170
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Vaccine (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- United States Department of State
- Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
- Keywords
- vaccine stockouts, vaccination coverage, routine childhood immunization, vaccine supply, catch-up vaccination, health system factors, Nigeria
- MeSH terms
- Vaccination Coverage, Delivery of Health Care, Health Personnel, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Nigeria, Vaccines, Linear Models, Immunization Programs
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