The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ion exchange removal and resin regeneration to treat per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether acids and other emerging PFAS in drinking water
Abstract
Ion exchange (IX) is a promising technology to remove legacy anionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water. As increasing numbers of per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether acids (PFEA) and other emerging PFAS were detected in the environment, it is necessary to understand how well IX resins remove these emerging PFAS for drinking water treatment. In this study, nine commercially available IX resins were tested to treat a drinking water source spiked with 40 legacy and emerging PFAS at 600 ng/L, including PFEA, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic and sulfonic acids, fluorotelomer sulfonic acids, perfluoroalkane sulfonamides, perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetic acids, and zwitterionic species. With limited contact time (15 min), PFAS properties such as the fluorinated chain length, charge, and functional groups all affected PFAS adsorption to resins. However, the impact of PFAS properties on PFAS removal became less pronounced when the contact time increased beyond 2 h, while the resin polymer matrix became the critical factor for PFAS removal. All five tested polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) resins achieved more than 90% removal in 24 h of 35 PFAS compounds, while polymethacrylate and polyacrylic resins achieved >90% removal for less than half of the compounds. Regenerating PS-DVB resin was investigated using different salt species, regenerant pH, brine concentrations, and methanol contents. Sodium chloride and ammonium chloride were found the best brines for regenerating the tested resins. Increasing brine concentrations enhanced the regeneration efficiency, especially for short-chain PFAS. Using simple salt regenerants, up to 94% of selected short-chain PFAS was released from resins designed for general water treatment, but no meaningful regeneration was achieved for long-chain PFAS or PFAS-specific resins when the organic solvent content was less than 20%.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Liu and Sun [52] reported that polystyrene-divinylbenzene resins achieve more than 90% removal of 35 PFAS from drinking water source (groundwater) spiked with 40 PFAS at 600 ng/L in 24 h.”
From A Mini-Review of Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plants for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Removal: Possible Solutions and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as Liu and Sun [52]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, regeneration efficiency was increased by enhancing brine concentrations from 0.01% to 10%, particularly for short-chain PFAS [52].”
From A Mini-Review of Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plants for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Removal: Possible Solutions and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“Also, salts in the chloride form (e.g., sodium chloride and ammonium chloride) were reported to be effective for resins regeneration.”
From A Mini-Review of Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plants for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Removal: Possible Solutions and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Citations
Cites
Sorption of Perfluorinated Surfactants on Sediments
Higgins, C. P., & Luthy, R. G. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es061000n · Cited by 1,563
Gagliano, E., Sgroi, M., Falciglia, P. P., Vagliasindi, F. G. A., & Roccaro, P. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381 · Cited by 1,249
Yu, Q., Zhang, R., Deng, S., Huang, J. G., & Yu, G. (2008) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.001 · Cited by 916
MWH's Water Treatment: Principles and Design
Crittenden, J. C., Trussell, R. R., Hand, D. W., Howe, K. J., Tchobanoglous, G., & Bourchardt, J. H. (2012) · Cited by 870
Sun, M., Arevalo, E., Strynar, M., Lindstrom, A., Richardson, M., Kearns, B., Pickett, A., Smith, C., & Knappe, D. R. U. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00398 · Cited by 688
Self-citationDomingo, J. L., & Nadal, M. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108648 · Cited by 688
McCleaf, P., Englund, S., Östlund, A., Lindegren, K., Wiberg, K., & Ahrens, L. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.057 · Cited by 634
Gebbink, W. A., van Asseldonk, L., & van Leeuwen, S. P. J. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02488 · Cited by 438
Zaggia, A., Conte, L., Falletti, L., Fant, M., & Chiorboli, A. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.039 · Cited by 410
Deng, S., Yu, Q., Huang, J. G., & Yu, G. (2010) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.038 · Cited by 402
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Liu, Z., Chen, Z., Gao, J., Yu, Y., Men, Y., Gu, C., & Liu, J. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c07608 · Cited by 224
Liu, C., Zhao, X., Faria, A. F., Deliz Quiñones, K. Y., Zhang, C., He, Q., Ma, J., Shen, Y., & Zhi, Y. (2022) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122161 · Cited by 178
A Review on Removal and Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Novel Membranes
Das, S., & Ronen, A. (2022) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes12070662 · Cited by 190
Chow, S. J., Croll, H. C., Ojeda, N., Klamerus, J., Capelle, R., Oppenheimer, J., Jacangelo, J. G., Schwab, K. J., & Prasse, C. (2022) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.119198 · Cited by 148
A Critical Review on PFAS Removal from Water: Removal Mechanism and Future Challenges
Amen, R., Ibrahim, A., Shafqat, W., & Hassan, E. B. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152316173 · Cited by 130
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, Y.-L., & Sun, M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Mei
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 207
- Pages
- 117781
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3209854505
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 19
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Keywords
- ion exchange, emerging PFAS, drinking water treatment, resin regeneration, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, polyacrylic resin, PFAS adsorption, contact time, short-chain PFAS, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids
- MeSH terms
- Ether, Ethers, Fluorocarbons, Ion Exchange, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Drinking Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
