Reduced Euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 causes developmental delay, hypotonia, and cranial abnormalities associated with increased bone gene expression in Kleefstra syndrome mice
Open accessAbstract
Haploinsufficiency of Euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1), a chromatin modifying enzyme, is the cause of Kleefstra syndrome (KS). KS is an intellectual disability (ID) syndrome, with general developmental delay, hypotonia, and craniofacial dysmorphisms as additional core features. Recent studies have been focused on the role of EHMT1 in learning and memory, linked to the ID phenotype of KS patients. In this study we used the Ehmt1(+/-) mouse model, and investigated whether the core features of KS were mimicked in these mice. When comparing Ehmt1(+/-) mice to wildtype littermates we observed delayed postnatal growth, eye opening, ear opening, and upper incisor eruption, indicating a delayed postnatal development. Furthermore, tests for muscular strength and motor coordination showed features of hypotonia in young Ehmt1(+/-) mice. Lastly, we found that Ehmt1(+/-) mice showed brachycephalic crania, a shorter or bent nose, and hypertelorism, reminiscent of the craniofacial dysmorphisms seen in KS. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of the mRNA levels of Runx2 and several other bone tissue related genes in P28 Ehmt1(+/-) mice. Runx2 immunostaining also appeared to be increased. The mRNA upregulation was associated with decreased histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) levels, the epigenetic mark deposited by Ehmt1, in the promoter region of these genes. Together, Ehmt1(+/-) mice indeed recapitulate KS core features and can be used as an animal model for Kleefstra syndrome. The increased expression of bone developmental genes in the Ehmt1(+/-) mice likely contributes to their cranial dysmorphisms and might be explained by diminished Ehmt1-induced H3K9 dimethylation.
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COL22A1 and COL11A1 exhibit increased expression in the bone tissue and hippocampus of mice with some of the symptoms of Kleefstra Syndrome.
“COL22A1 and COL11A1 exhibit increased expression in the bone tissue and hippocampus of mice with some of the symptoms of Kleefstra Syndrome (developmental delay, hypotonia, and craniofacial abnormalities), which is often accompanied by autistic symptoms and intellectual disability in humans [113, 114].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [113]
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CBFA2T2 is required for BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
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H3K9MTase G9a is essential for the differentiation and growth of tenocytes in vitro
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Kleefstra syndrome in Hungarian patients: additional symptoms besides the classic phenotype
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Epigenetic regulation of craniofacial development and disease
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Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Neural Crest Cells
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Epigenetic signatures in overgrowth syndromes: Translational opportunities
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Epigenetic disorders: Lessons from the animals–animal models in chromatinopathies
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Chromatin Imbalance as the Vertex Between Fetal Valproate Syndrome and Chromatinopathies
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Otopathology in Kleefstra Syndrome: A Case Report
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Multiple Coronary Artery Microfistulas in a Girl with Kleefstra Syndrome
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The Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD): From the Clinics to the Molecular Analysis
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Defensive and offensive behaviours in a Kleefstra syndrome mouse model
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Advances in genetic mechanisms and precision medicine research for cleft lip and palate
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Epigenomic mechanisms and episignature biomarkers in rare diseases
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Epigenetic Factors in Normal and Pathological Neuronal Development
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Constructing knowledge: semantic memories in mice
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Dysregulation of NRSF/REST via EHMT1 is associated with psychiatric disordersPreprint
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Defensive and offensive behaviors in social interaction settings in a Kleefstra syndrome mouse modelPreprint
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The first clinical report of Kleefstra syndrome in an omani patient with classical phenotype
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Self-citationDifferential genetic analysis of ectrodactyly in a Fanconi anemia pedigree with FANCA mutations
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- Authors
- Balemans, M. C. M., Ansar, M., Oudakker, A. R., van Caam, A. P. M., Bakker, B., Vitters, E. L., van der Kraan, P. M., de Bruijn, D. R. H., Janssen, S. M., Kuipers, A. J., Huibers, M. M. H., Maliepaard, E. M., Walboomers, X. F., Benevento, M., Nadif Kasri, N., Kleefstra, T., Zhou, H., Van der Zee, C. E. E. M., & van Bokhoven, H.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- King Edward Medical University (PK)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 386
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 395-407
- ISSN
- 0012-1606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089343670
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- GENCODYS (241995)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- Kleefstra syndrome, EHMT1, histone methyltransferase, haploinsufficiency, intellectual disability, developmental delay, hypotonia, craniofacial dysmorphism, brachycephaly, hypertelorism, Runx2, bone gene expression, H3K9 dimethylation, epigenetic regulation, mouse model, postnatal development
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Bone and Bones, Developmental Disabilities, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Heart Defects, Congenital, Male, Intellectual Disability, Muscle Hypotonia, Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase, Skull, Mice, Knockout, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Craniofacial Abnormalities, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, Mice, Osteopontin, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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