The DOI matches its Crossref record; 127 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nanoparticles skin absorption: New aspects for a safety profile evaluation
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) skin absorption is a wide issue, which needs to be better understood. The attempt of this review is to summarize the scientific evidence concerning open questions, i.e.: the role of NPs intrinsic characteristics (size, shape, charge, surface properties), the penetration of NPs through the intact or impaired skin barrier, the penetration pathways which should be considered and the role of NPs interaction in physiological media. The outcomes suggest that one main difference should be made between metal and non-metal NPs. Both kinds have a secondary NPs size which is given after interaction in physiological media, and allows a size-dependent skin penetration: NPs⩽4nm can penetrate and permeate intact skin, NPs size between 4 and 20nm can potentially permeate intact and damaged skin, NPs size between 21 and 45nm can penetrate and permeate only damaged skin, NPs size>45nm cannot penetrate nor permeate the skin. Other aspects play an important role, mostly for metal NPs, i.e., dissolution in physiological media, which can cause local and systemic effects, the sensitizing or toxic potential and the tendency to create aggregates. This paper suggests a decision tree to evaluate the potential risk for consumers and workers exposed to NPs.
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In the citing paper
“nanoparticles 21–45 nm only able to penetrate/permeate damaged skin”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“nanoparticles 4–20 nm potentially able to penetrate/permeate intact or damaged skin”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“nanoparticles ≤4 nm being able to penetrate/permeate intact skin”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“the underestimated risk associated with the absorption of nanoparticles through the skin [86].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles were unable to pass through skin rendering them safe to dermal exposure.”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“Au nanoparticles can penetrate the skin, but their permeability is undetermined.”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“nanoparticles ≥45 nm unable to penetrate/permeate the skin [86].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“Ag nanoparticles can penetrate the skin but their ability to permeate is undetermined.”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“Their use in medical dressings may result in high skin absorption, potentially affecting internal organs.”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“Concern in terms of being a hazardous material is low as gold is a noble metal, and, thus, non-toxic to human health.”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“Ni, Co, and Pd are considered more hazardous due to the high release of ions in the body [86].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“The US is regulating nanoscale materials under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to ensure that the manufacture and use of nanoscale materials do not pose unreasonable risks to human health and the environment [86].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
Citations
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2 of the 129 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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Na, H.-W., Cha, N., Kim, E., Kim, S., Park, W.-S., & Kim, H.-J. (2026) · Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1155/jt/7925949
Metadata
- Authors
- Larese Filon, F., Mauro, M., Adami, G., Bovenzi, M., & Crosera, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Trieste (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Mauro, Marcella
- Venue
- Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 310-322
- ISSN
- 0273-2300 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W290929610
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- nanoparticles, percutaneous absorption, skin penetration, skin barrier, nanoparticle size, metal nanoparticles, nanoparticle dissolution, nanoparticle aggregation, sensitization, toxicity, skin permeation, risk assessment, decision tree
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Skin, Skin Absorption, Risk Assessment, Nanoparticles
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