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Nonadherence in Tuberculosis Treatment: Predictors and Consequences in New York City
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to antituberculosis treatment is the most important obstacle to tuberculosis control. PURPOSE: To identify and analyze predictors and consequences of nonadherence to antituberculosis treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of a citywide cohort of 184 patients with tuberculosis in New York City, newly diagnosed by culture in April 1991-before the strengthening of its control program-and followed up through 1994. Follow-up information was collected through the New York City tuberculosis registry. Nonadherence was defined as treatment default for at least 2 months. RESULTS: Eighty-eight of the 184 (48%) patients were nonadherent. Greater nonadherence was noted among blacks (unadjusted relative risk [RR] 3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 8.6, compared with whites), injection drug users (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0), homeless (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.8), alcoholics (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.9), and HIV-infected patients (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9); also, census-derived estimates of household income were lower among nonadherent patients (P = 0.018). In multivariate analysis, only injection drug use and homelessness predicted nonadherence, yet 46 (39%) of 117 patients who were neither homeless nor drug users were nonadherent. Nonadherent patients took longer to convert to negative culture (254 versus 64 days, P < 0.001), were more likely to acquire drug resistance (RR 5.6, 95% CI 0.7 to 44.2), required longer treatment regimens (560 versus 324 days, P < 0.0001), and were less likely to complete treatment (RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.7). There was no association between treatment adherence and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of public health intervention, half the patients defaulted treatment for 2 months or longer. Although common among the homeless and injection drug users, the problem occurred frequently and unpredictably in other patients. Nonadherence may contribute to the spread of tuberculosis and the emergence of drug resistance, and may increase the cost of treatment. These data lend support to directly observed therapy in tuberculosis.
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“The consequences of poor adherence include delayed sputum culture conversion, treatment failure, relapse, prolonged infectiousness, development of drug resistance, and increased morbidity and mortality [4,5].”
From Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients: A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Patients who do not adhere to treatment may take substantially longer to achieve culture conversion and often require longer treatment courses [5].”
From Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients: A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“The nonadherence to treatment can increase transmission, drug resistance,[3] the need for more expensive treatment,[4] and mortality.”
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BackgroundMorozova, O., Дворяк, С., & Altice, F. L. (2013) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.09.001 · Cited by 45
“…et al., 2009; Getahun et al., 2012), one study from New York showed that PWIDs and those who were homeless were independently associated with TB treatment nonadherence and non-adherent patients not only took longer to treat, but were more likely to develop MDR-TB (Pablos-Mendez et al., 1997).”
ResultLester, R. T., Park, J., Bolten, L. M., Enjetti, A., Johnston, J. C., Schwartzman, K., Tilahun, B. C., & von Delft, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jctube.2019.100108 · Cited by 47
“[4] Pablos-Mendez A, Knirsch CA, Barr RG, Lerner BH, Frieden TR.”
Alcohol use and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis
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Adherence to HAART Among HIV-Infected Persons in Rural Louisiana
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“Non-adherent patients require longer periods of treatment and are less likely to complete treatment compared to patients who are compliant.(10,12) This study was therefore designed to determine the frequency and length of treatment interruptions among new patients with pulmonary TB in Russia, and to evaluate the durat…”
BackgroundAlcohol use and the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Tomsk, Russian Federation
Miller, A. C., Gelmanova, I. Y., Keshavjee, S. A., Atwood, S. S., Yanova, G. V., Mishustin, S. P., Furin, J. J., & Shin, S. S. (2012) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.11.0795 · Cited by 40
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“quently, and drug users and homeless populations have additional barriers to compliance with TB treatment regimens (36,37).”
BackgroundCan tuberculosis be controlled?
Frieden, T. R. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.5.894 · Cited by 40
Factors Associated With Tuberculosis Treatment Interruption in New York City
Driver, C. R., Matus, S. P., Bayuga, S., Winters, A. I., & Munsiff, S. S. (2005) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/00124784-200507000-00017 · Cited by 39
Factors associated with treatment outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis in northeastern Thailand.
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“Non-adherence to, and default from, anti-TB treatments are serious challenges that are jeopardizing TB control worldwide, because these patients required longer treatment regimens, were more likely to acquire drug resistance and were less likely to complete treatment [22].”
BackgroundThe Role of Adherence and Retreatment in De Novo Emergence of MDR-TB
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“This was achieved by using geographic information system technology to assign the average household income in the census block-group of residence to each study participant.(35,36) Automated medical group encounter data were also used to ascertain medical care service use delivered by a medical group provider.”
MethodThe impact of physician training and experience on the survival of patients with active tuberculosis
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“Chronically homeless population 88 (60-100) .”
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“Unfortunately, nonadherence is widespread [1,2] and its deleterious effects are well documented [3–6].”
BackgroundRifampicin mono-resistant tuberculosis in France: a 2005–2010 retrospective cohort analysis
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“The interest fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides has been reported for MDR TB [27,28,35].”
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Impact of socio-psychological factors on treatment adherence of TB patients in Russia
Jakubowiak, W., Bogorodskaya, E. M., Borisov, S. E., Danilova, I. D., Ломакіна, О., & Kourbatova, E. V. (2008) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2008.03.004 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Pablos-Méndez, M., Knirsch, M., Barr, M., Lerner, M., & Frieden, M.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-02
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 164-170
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2006094917
- Cited by
- 256
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- treatment default, antitubercular agents, predictors of non-adherence, people who inject drugs, homelessness, HIV infection, drug resistance, tuberculosis control, household income, tuberculosis mortality, treatment completion, public health interventions, social determinants of health, racial disparities in health care access, alcoholism, intravenous drug use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black or African American, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Income, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, New York City, Patient Compliance, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Tuberculosis, Urban Health, Cohort Studies, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Confidence Intervals, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
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