The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 9 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Unequal treatment: report of the institute of medicine on racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare
Open accessOverview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This symposium paper summarizes the Institute of Medicine's 2002 report *Unequal Treatment*, which concluded that racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. receive lower-quality healthcare than the majority population across a wide range of conditions and settings, even after adjusting for access, clinical, and socioeconomic factors. It reviews the evidence (with emphasis on cardiovascular care), the committee's framework of contributing factors, and its recommendations for eliminating disparities.
Key findings
- Disparities were found across a wide range of disease areas and clinical services—including cardiac care, cancer screening and treatment, diabetes management, end-stage renal disease, HIV treatment, pediatric care, maternal and child health, mental health, and many surgical procedures—even after correcting for comorbidities, stage of disease, and age.
- In some instances minorities receive more of certain procedures: African Americans underwent bilateral orchiectomy and amputation at rates 2.4 and 3.6 times greater than their white Medicare peers. One study found Latino patients with long bone fractures in Los Angeles emergency rooms received pain medication only half as often as non-Latino patients.
- In cardiovascular care, one analysis of more than 86,000 Medicare patients found whites were nearly four times more likely than African Americans to receive CABG after adjusting for age- and gender-related differences in MI rates; a study of more than 13,000 New Jersey residents found catheterization within 90 days of acute MI was significantly more likely for white patients.
- The committee concluded that bias, stereotyping, prejudice, and clinical uncertainty on the part of providers may contribute to disparities, though the evidence base for these mechanisms is largely indirect; disparities diminish when socioeconomic factors are controlled but do not disappear.
Methods
- The 15-member IOM committee met five times, conducted an extensive literature review (initial search yielded more than 600 citations), and used liaison panels, focus groups, and commissioned papers; it received testimony from educators, accrediting organizations, managed care representatives, medical historians, organized medicine, lawyers, and economists, and information from the military, VA, and federal agencies.
- The committee defined "disparities" as racial or ethnic differences in quality of healthcare not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences, and appropriateness of intervention, and analyzed at two levels: healthcare system operation and the legal/regulatory climate, and individual patient-provider discrimination.
- For cardiovascular evidence specifically, 26 studies met inclusion criteria (published in the past 10 years, peer-reviewed, original findings, meeting established scientific principles); studies focused on health status or access were excluded.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: no single reviewed study simultaneously controlled for all variables likely to confound the race–care relationship; in almost all articles, disparities diminish once rigorous confounding variables are included in multivariate analysis, though most find significant disparities remain. Large administrative databases (e.g., Medicare) provide little or no information on comorbid illness, disease severity, or stage at detection. The evidence base on bias, stereotyping, and uncertainty is "in large part, indirect."
- Stated in the paper: findings of equal quality were reported in some VA and military populations, and the committee "was not successful in identifying specific factors to account for this fact"; disparities in VA settings were "not consistent."
- Evident from the text: this is a symposium summary of the IOM report rather than new primary research, so its findings rest on the committee's synthesis and the studies it selected; the paper also notes the committee avoided recommending unfunded mandates and was aware of practical difficulties in assuring availability of interpretation and related services.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
18 No basis given · 16 Own interpretation · 6 Own result · 5 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 1 Partly supported · 1 Mixed support · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the very large national study with patients from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2, comprising 275,000 patients [5], and the prospective controlled studies [6] revealed clear differences in the likelihood of receipt of procedures during nearly every phase of diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease, with minority patients usually coming up short.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [5] Taylor, 1997, Can characteristics of a health care system mitigate ethnic bias in access to cardiovascular procedures? Experience from the military health services system, J Am Coll Cardiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 2 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [6] Peterson, 1997, Racial variation in the use of coronary-revascularization procedures, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boostedcorrelationaln = 275,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“These differences were not found among white patients similarly deemed appropriate for invasive treatment.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [9] Hemingway, 2001, Underuse of coronary revascularization procedures in patients considered appropriate candidates for revascularization, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results identify nonwhite race as a predictor of receiving medical treatment rather than CABG among appropriate candidates. The paper does not report a corresponding analysis showing that the unspecified 'differences' were absent among white patients (searched for white-patient and race-specific comparisons). (LLM, conf=0.75)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“in a prospective study of 2552 patients seen in London hospitals who were deemed appropriate for cardiovascular procedures according to standardized criteria, Hemingway and coworkers [9] found that nonwhite patients were more likely to receive only medical treatment, rather than CABG, after controlling for demographic and clinical variables.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] Hemingway, 2001, Underuse of coronary revascularization procedures in patients considered appropriate candidates for revascularization, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelationaln = 2,552- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the quality of care received by racial and ethnic minorities in this country is generally lower than that provided to the majority population.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“White patients have been found to use some clinical services at higher rates than minorities, even when not necessarily indicated.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disparities were found across a wide range of disease areas and clinical services, even after correcting for clinical factors, such as comorbidities, stage of disease, and age.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The committee found that the evidence for real and significant disparities extends all the way from preventive services on one end of the spectrum to pain relief at the end of life on the other.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Racial and ethnic disparities in health care exist”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“studies that did not demonstrate disparities were conspicuous by their rarity.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in almost all articles, studies that use rigorous measures of potential confounding variables find that disparities diminish once these variables are included in the multivariate analysis.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several studies find that African-American patients are more likely than whites to refuse invasive procedures, but when the relative contribution of patient refusal to racial differences in care is assessed, this factor is not found to account completely for these disparities.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that these disparities are associated with socioeconomic differences and diminish when socioeconomic factors are controlled, but they do not disappear.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For whites, CABG rates were significantly associated with the availability of thoracic surgeons and location in the Southeast, but physician availability and location were not correlated with CABG rates for African Americans.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plaincorrelationaln = 86,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Black patients were less likely to receive thrombolytic therapy and bypass surgery, even when only high-risk coronary anatomic subgroups were assessed [2]”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Petersen, 2002, Impact of race on cardiac care and outcomes in veterans with acute myocardial infarction, Med Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disparities are present in cardiac care, cancer screening and treatment, diabetes management, end stage renal disease, treatment of HIV infection, pediatric care, maternal and child health, mental health, rehabilitative and nursing home services, and many surgical procedures.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“one study indicated that whites were more likely to receive inappropriate angiography, although the racial difference in rates of inappropriate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was not sufficiently large to account for more than a small fraction of the substantial disparities in rates of revascularization between white patients and African-American patients [7].”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Schneider, 2001, Racial differences in cardiac revascularization rates. Does “overuse” explain higher rates among white patients?, Ann Intern Med source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in one study, although cardiac catheterization was performed less often in nonwhites when compared with whites, angioplasty and bypass grafting were received equally often in white and nonwhite patients among those catheterized who had indications for revascularization [8].”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Scirica, 1999, Racial differences in the management of unstable angina, Am Heart J source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Racial and ethnic disparities in services are found among patients insured by Medicare and among patients in VA settings, although these findings are not consistent.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies, however, find that differences in refusal rates are generally small and that minority patient refusal does not fully explain healthcare disparities.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is no evidence to suggest that providers are more likely than the general public to express biases, and some evidence suggests that unconscious biases may exist.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Racial and ethnic disparities in health care occur in the context of broader historic and contemporary social and economic inequality, and evidence of persistent racial and ethnic discrimination in many sectors of American life.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also can influence how information is processed and recalled.”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our society still reflects attitudes and behaviors that can fairly be called discriminatory”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although disparities in the quality of care may be reflective of inequalities in other aspects of American life, such as housing, jobs, and education”
§ Unequal Treatment: Report of the Institute of Medicine on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The existence of racial and ethnic disparities in health care is still largely unrecognized.
“the committee believes that the existence of disparities is still largely unrecognized”
The paper relies on this without support.
Public and professional awareness is an essential starting point for efforts at reduction of disparities.
“public and professional awareness is an essential starting point for efforts at reduction”
The paper relies on this without support.
Beneficence, as an element of professionalism, is supposed to be color blind.
“beneficence, as an element of professionalism, is supposed to be color blind.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are unacceptable.
“they are unacceptable”
Citations
Cites
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Self-citationUnequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care.
Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., & Nelson, A. (2003) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/1bbm-d7bq · Cited by 6,567
Self-citationPeterson, E. D., Shaw, L. K., DeLong, E. R., Pryor, D. B., Califf, R. M., & Mark, D. B. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199702133360706 · Cited by 550
Hemingway, H., Crook, A. M., Feder, G., Banerjee, S., Dawson, J. R., Magee, P., Philpott, S., Sanders, J., Wood, A., & Timmis, A. D. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200103013440906 · Cited by 262
Schneider, E. C., Leape, L. L., Weissman, J. S., Piana, R. N., Gatsonis, C., & Epstein, A. M. (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-135-5-200109040-00009 · Cited by 151
Impact of Race on Cardiac Care and Outcomes in Veterans With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Petersen, L. A., Wright, S. M., Peterson, E. D., & Daley, J. (2002) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200201001-00010 · Cited by 146
Taylor, A. J., Meyer, G. S., Morse, R. W., & Pearson, C. E. (1997) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00271-4 · Cited by 51
Gregory, P. M., Rhoads, G. G., Wilson, A. C., O’Dowd, K. J., & Kostis, J. B. (1999) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70154-7 · Cited by 50
Scirica, B. M., Moliterno, D. J., Every, N. R., Anderson, H. V., Aguirre, F. V., Granger, C. B., Lambrew, C. T., Rabbani, L. E., Sapp, S. K., Booth, J. E., et al. (1999) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70071-2 · Cited by 36
Equity in the Diagnosis of Chest Pain: Race and Gender
Bell, P. D., & Hudson, S. (2001) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.25.1.7 · Cited by 29
Hemmingway, H., Crook, A., & Feder, G. S. (2001) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/s1062-1458(01)00340-3 · Cited by 20
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health Second Edition
Scheid, T. L., & Brown, T. N. (2009) · Cited by 1,320
Lu, T., Yang, X., Huang, Y., Zhao, M., Li, M., Ma, K., Yin, J., Zhan, C., & Wang, Q. (2019) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s187317 · Cited by 565
Rosenfield, S., & Mouzon, D. M. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_14 · Cited by 592
Disparities in family planning
Dehlendorf, C. E., Rodriguez, M. I., Levy, K., Borrero, S. B., & Steinauer, J. E. (2010) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.022 · Cited by 439
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_25 · Cited by 314
Metadata
- Authors
- Nelson, A. R.
- Corresponding author
- Nelson, Alan R
- Venue
- The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- S1377-S1381
- ISSN
- 0003-4975 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2076125949
- Semantic Scholar
- a6d0d05a68cdad492c945f2a9f5f62840ec8c6f9
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Annals of Thoracic Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Keywords
- racial and ethnic disparities, health care disparities, Institute of Medicine report, quality of care, racial minorities, health equity
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Cardiology, Ethnicity, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Minority Groups, Prejudice, United States, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
