Outcome 3 to 5 years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.
Abstract
Objective To investigate neuropsychologic, emotional, and functional status and quality of life (QOL) 3 to 5 years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Observational cohort. Setting Level I trauma center. Participants Consecutive adult admissions with TBI involving intracranial abnormalities, prospectively followed up for 3 to 5 years, with 80% follow-up. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Neuropsychologic functioning (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, California Verbal Learning Test), emotional status (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory), functional status (Functional Status Examination, Glasgow Outcome Scale, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, employment), and perceived QOL. Results Significant functional limitations were observed in all areas. Recovery to preinjury levels ranged from 65% of cases in personal care to approximately 40% in cognitive competency, major activity, and leisure and recreation. Brain injury severity, measured by the modified Abbreviated Injury Scale, related to functional status and neuropsychologic functioning, but not to emotional or QOL measures. Length of impaired consciousness appeared to contribute to outcome more than did anatomic lesions. Conclusions The results provide representative estimates of long-term morbidity in patients with TBI involving intracranial lesions. The magnitude of morbidity was high. Although direct costs of TBI ha…
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More severe injuries result in greater cognitive impairment.
“More severe injuries result in greater cognitive impairment (S. Dikmen et al., 1990; S. S. Dikmen, Machamer, Powell, & Temkin, 2003)”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as S. S. Dikmen, Machamer, Powell, & Temkin, 2003
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- Authors
- Dikmen, S. S., Machamer, J. E., Powell, J. M., & Temkin, N. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dikmen, Sureyya S
- Venue
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1449-1457
- ISSN
- 0003-9993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080768928
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS019643)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD033677)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, long-term outcomes, quality of life, functional status, emotional state, depression, brain injury severity, long-term morbidity, employment, cognitive recovery
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Brain Injuries, Disability Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Quality of Life, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Recovery of Function, Glasgow Outcome Scale, Physical Therapy Modalities
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