The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault
Abstract
The effectiveness of psychological treatments for PTSD is likely to be enhanced by improved understanding of the factors involved in maintaining the disorder. Ehlers and Clark [A cognitive model of persistent posttraumatic stem disorder Behav. Res. Ther. 38 (2000) 319-345] recently proposed a cognitive model of maintenance. The current study aimed to investigate several cognitive factors highlighted in Ehlers and Clark's model using a prospective design. Fifty-seven victims of physical or sexual assault participated in the study. Cognitive factors were assessed within 4 months of assault and victims were followed-up 6 and 9 months after the assault. Cognitive variables which significantly predicted PTSD severity at both follow-ups were: cognitive processing style during assault (mental defeat, mental confusion, detachment); appraisal of assault sequelae (appraisal of symptoms, perceived negative responses of others, permanent change); negative beliefs about self and world; and maladaptive control strategies (avoidance/safety seeking). Relationships between early appraisals, control strategies, and processing styles and subsequent PTSD severity remained significant after statistically controlling for gender and perceived assault severity. These findings support the cognitive model of PTSD proposed by Ehlers and Clark and suggest that effective treatment will need to address these cognitive factors.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Internal consistency in the present sample was high, Cronbach's α = 0.90.”
From Early Linguistic Markers of Trauma-Specific Processing Predict Post-trauma Adjustment (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“catastrophic appraisals 50-52 about the outcome of the event being strongly associated with later PTSD severity.”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
Cites
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147
Self-citationCognitive Therapy of Depression
HOLLON, S. D., & BECK, A. T. (1979) · Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404480-7.50012-5 · Cited by 4,685
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445 · Cited by 2,709
Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder
Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490060405 · Cited by 2,537
Assumptive Worlds and the Stress of Traumatic Events: Applications of the Schema Construct
Janoff‐Bulman, R. (1989) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113 · Cited by 1,895
Horowitz, M. J. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_4 · Cited by 1,866
A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.4.670 · Cited by 1,696
Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder
Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80067-x · Cited by 1,518
Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study
van Der Kolk, B. A., & Fisler, R. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080402 · Cited by 1,262
A prospective examination of post‐traumatic stress disorder in rape victims
Rothbaum, B. O., Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Murdock, T., & Walsh, W. (1992) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490050309 · Cited by 1,097
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 640
Mekawi, Y., Guelfo, A., Karimzadeh, L., Powers, A. D., & Fani, N. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22649 · Cited by 1
An Entrepreneurial Process for Exploiting Vulnerable People’s Labor
Shepherd, D. A., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04884-5_6 · Cited by 1
Ennis, N., Rheingold, A. A., Zinzow, H. M., Thompson, M. P., Gilmore, A. K., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Hahn, C. K. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231156149 · Cited by 1
АНДРУЩЕНКО, В., Вишківська, В. Б., Войтюк, І. В., Губарєва, Д. В., Довбня, С., Євтушенко, І. В., Зінько, О. М., Korkh, V. M., Костюшко, О. М., Левінець, Н. В., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31392/udu-mono-k-fp-2023 · Cited by 1
Schneider, J., Rukundo-Zeller, A. C., Bambonye, M., Lust, S., Mugisha, H., Muhoza, J., Ndayikengurukiye, T., Nitanga, L., Rushoza, A. A., & Crombach, A. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106906 · Cited by 2
Schneider, J., Rukundo-Zeller, A. C., Bambonye, M., Muhoza, J., Ndayikengurukiye, T., Nitanga, L., Rushoza, A. A., & Crombach, A. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01328-8 · Cited by 3
Ruíz, J. I., Liévano, M. F., Malambo, N., & Suárez, A. M. M. (2003) · Cited by 1
Susin, N., Carvalho, C. S., & Kristensen, C. H. (2014) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/0103-166x2014000100009 · Cited by 1
Choi, S. (2015) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.16.3.201506.537 · Cited by 1
Bryant, R. A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-75659-7.00005-0 · Cited by 1
Levin, Y., Mikulincer, M., & Solomon, Z. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.6.522 · Cited by 1
Qirjako, E. (2007) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.6872 · Cited by 1
Towards Justice for Victims: A New Role for Victim Impact Statements in Sexual Violence Cases
McGovern, D. (2013) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17003773 · Cited by 1
Exploring the emotional conflict task: associations with clinical status and age
Høst, K. H. (2015) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
I’m hurt, annoyed and see things: anger in PTSD and the role of visual imagery
McHugh, A. F. (2015) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 1
Bolton, M. J., Ault, L. K., Burton, K. W., & Lazzaro, A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2czxh · Cited by 2
Culture in Clinical Psychology: Adapting Treatments
Patel, A., & Hinton, D. E. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259229.ch23 · Cited by 1
Adult Attachment and Posttraumatic Growth in Sexual Assault Survivors.
Gwynn, S. R. (2008) · doi:10.12794/metadc9100 · Cited by 1
Distress after criminal victimization quantitative and qualitative aspects in a two-year perspective
Semb, O. (2011) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) · Cited by 1
Carretta, C. M. (2011) · Cited by 1
The Legal System and Memory for Analogue Traumatic Experiences
Segovia, D. A. (2014) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 1
Intrusive cognitions, anxiety and cancer
Whitaker, K. L. (2008) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Lasten kiintymyssuhteen yhteys mielenterveyteen ja traumaan liittyviin kognitioihin sotaolosuhteissa
Päivinen, L. (2015) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)
Negative Event Appraisals, Cognitive Processing, and Adjustment
Riley, K. E. (2012) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
Predictors of PTSD symptoms for criterion A and non-criterion A events
Reiland, S. A. (2010)
An investigation into healthcare staff exposed to workplace violence
Salter, D. C. (2003) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Panagioti, M. (2011) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Psychology and cognitive processing in post-traumatic disorders
Hughes, J. H. (2006) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/j.mppsy.2006.04.002
Intrusies na een ramp en de ontwikkeling van posttraumatische problemen
Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. (2003) · Directieve therapie · doi:10.1007/bf03060316
The Relation Between Peer Victimization and Changes in Trauma Symptoms in Adolescents
Le, A.-T. H. (2014) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/fp79-mw06
Guerrero, V., & Nieves, M. (2004) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.1461
Cognitions in Non Life-Threatening Traumatic Events
Peluso, D. L. (2012) · oURspace (University of Regina) · doi:10.82465/4203
Taking the Victim Out of Sexual Assault: The Effect of Self-Compassion on Sexual Assault Survivors
Cazeau, S. (2015) · University of North Florida Digital Commons (University of North Florida)
Johnston, V. (2007) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Sexual Assault Survivors' Narratives and Prediction of Revictimization
Pashdag, J. (2004) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Williamson, D. (2015) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26273635
Jasson, A. E. (2009) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)
Examining Resilience In Relation to PTSD Symptomatology In Maltreated Youth
Day, T. L. (2015) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/8220098
Peritraumaattisten dissosiaatio-oireiden yhteys myöhempään mielenterveyteen
Lepo, J. (2007) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)
Channer, K. (2015) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Bolster, A. (2015) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Kebker, E. F. (2010) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)
C. PREDICTION OF DISABILITY AFTER PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA
Bowman, M. L. (2008)
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0007
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0006
Diagnostic Criteria and Assessment
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0002
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0003
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0005
Introductory Information for Therapists
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0001
Das psychopathologische Phänomen Grübeln
Grön, G., Gahr, M., & Hawlik, A. E. (2016) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1616422
Cognitive Behavioural Approaches for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders
Ishikawa, R. (2015)
Seixas, A. A., James, C., Jean‐Louis, G., Butler, M. J., Zizi, F., & Gardner, A. A. (2015)
Empirically Supported Conceptualizations and Treatments of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder
Green, J. D., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch9
Gender Differences in PTSD: An Exploration of Peritraumatic Factors
Irish, L. A., Buckley-Fischer, B., Fallon, W. F., Spoonster, E., & Delahanty, D. L. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e517322011-359
Mindfulness, self-compassion and post-traumatic stress disorder
Banks, K. (2016) · ERA
Carvajal, F. (2007) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Understanding and Treating the Consequences of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Clinical Trial
Pinter-Thom, K. L. (2010) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/3563
Engelbrecht, A. (2013) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Lovejoy, T. I. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_631
[Effects of various agents on human choriocarcinoma transplanted to nude mice].
Katoh, T., Ishige, H., Takamizawa, H., Tokita, H., & Tanaka, N. (1982) · PubMed
Cultural Considerations in Anxiety and Related Disorders
Hinton, D. E., & Bui, É. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.015 · Cited by 1
Psychopathology and treatment outcomes in a sample of Danish survivors of childhood sexual abuse
Fletcher, S. (2017) · Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)
Thomson, T. L. (2018) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
Cultural Diversity and the Treatment of Trauma
Barnes, C. S. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Bolsoni, L. M. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2020.tde-02122020-112250
Bagge, S. (2019) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF CHILDBIRTH INDUCED POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS SYNDROME: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Chawla, M., Kaur, R., & Chaudhary, P. (2021) · IJCRT - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT)
Akute und posttraumatische Belastungsstörung
Kapfhammer, H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_71-1 · Cited by 1
(2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15462-35
Roy, E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1116
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0015
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0014
Reid, J. M., & McKay, D. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0006
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0004
(2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044032-3/50010-1
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0011
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0012
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0008
Hinton, D. E., & Roche, M. J. L. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118528563.wbcbt18
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0013
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0009
Trauma, Dissociation, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Keane, T. M., Marx, B. P., Sloan, D. M., & DePrince, A. P. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328710.013.040
Carrión, V. G. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.003.0010
Lebel, U., & Ben-Gal, T. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190910358.003.0004
Exploring the Impact of Suffering from Sexual Assault on Women Victims
Zhang, J. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_333
Kassaw, A., & Mengistu, M. (2023) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.36941/mjss-2023-0012
Peters, C., Jenkins, K., & Paskell, R. (2023) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x2300017x
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Surrey (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dunmore, Emma
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1063-1084
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122304133
- Cited by
- 640
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 18.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, physical assault, sexual assault, cognitive processing styles, avoidance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rape, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Violence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review