The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mother knows best: effects of maternal modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance behaviour in toddlers
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of parental modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance towards novel, fear-relevant stimuli in a sample of 30 toddlers. The toddlers were shown a rubber snake and spider, which were alternately paired with either negative or positive facial expressions by their mothers. Both stimuli were presented again after a 1- and a 10-min delay, while mothers maintained a neutral expression. The children showed greater fear expressions and avoidance of the stimuli following negative reactions from their mothers. This was true for both genders although the degree of modelled avoidance was greater in girls than in boys. The strong observational learning results are consistent with views that modelling constitutes a mechanism by which fear may be acquired early in life.
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“In contrast, positive maternal modelling decreases children ' s fear beliefs (Broeren et al., 2011; Egliston & Rapee, 2007; Gerull & Rapee, 2002; Kelly et al., 2010).”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Gerull & Rapee, 2002
In the citing paper
“Similar effects have been found with the modelling pathway, in which toddlers have demonstrated increased fear and avoidance when playing with a toy snake, after observing their mother modelling negative interactions with the toy (Gerull & Rapee, 2002).”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Gerull & Rapee, 2002
Citations
Cites
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Rachman, S. (1977) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(77)90041-9 · Cited by 1,191 · cited 1×
“The importance of modelling as a method of acquisition of fears has been suggested by previous authors (e.g., Rachman, 1977).”
MethodPotential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression
Rapee, R. M. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00040-2 · Cited by 985
Self-citationÖHman, A. (1986) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00608.x · Cited by 738
Galen's Prophecy: Temperament In Human Nature
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The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
Vasey, M. W., Bosmans, G., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_27 · Cited by 605
Bandura, A., Blanchard, E. B., & Ritter, B. (1969) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028276 · Cited by 583
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
Taylor, S. J. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)80355-x · Cited by 497
The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
(2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.001.0001 · Cited by 479
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Repacholi, B.M. (1996). Components of children's early emotion understanding: Evidence from 14- and 18-month-olds. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002 · Cited by 1,703
Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment
Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628 · Cited by 821
Self-citationFamily Issues in Child Anxiety: Attachment, Family Functioning, Parental Rearing and Beliefs
Bögels, S. M., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001 · Cited by 708
Olsson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1968 · Cited by 622
Fathers' role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model
Bögels, S. M., & Phares, V. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.011 · Cited by 571
“Examples of experimental designs are the studies of Gerull and Rapee (2002) and De Rosnay, Cooper, Tsigaras, & Murray (2006) in which mothers who were instructed to behave anxiously indeed increased the anxious behavior of their child towards a rubber spider or snake and towards the stranger.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerull, F. C., & Rapee, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Rapee, Ronald M
- ORCID
- Rapee, Ronald M
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 279-287
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1987916514
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 10.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- fear acquisition, avoidance behavior, toddlers, observational learning, fear conditioning, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Avoidance Learning, Psychology, Child, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mothers
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