Family Issues in Child Anxiety: Attachment, Family Functioning, Parental Rearing and Beliefs

Bögels, Susan M.; Brechman-Toussaint, Margaret L.

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001

Cited by 708Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Family Issues in Child Anxiety: Attachment, Family Functioning, Parental Rearing and Beliefs

Bögels, Susan M., Brechman-Toussaint, Margaret L.·2006·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001

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Abstract

Family studies have found a large overlap between anxiety disorders in family members. In addition to genetic heritability, a range of family factors may also be involved in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety. Evidence for a relationship between family factors and childhood as well as parental anxiety is reviewed. Four groups of family variables are considered: (I) attachment; (II), aspects of family functioning, such as marital conflict, co-parenting, functioning of the family as a whole, and sibling relationships; (III) parental rearing strategies; and (IV) beliefs that parents hold about their child. The reviewed literature provides evidence for an association between each of these family factors and child anxiety. However, there is little evidence as yet that identified family factors are specific to child anxiety, rather than to child psychopathology in general. Moreover, evidence for a relationship between child anxiety and family factors is predominantly cross-sectional. Therefore, whether the identified family factors cause childhood anxiety still needs to be investigated. Further research that investigates mechanisms mediating the relationship between family factors and child anxiety is also called for. Finally, parental beliefs are identified as important predictors of parental behaviour that have largely not been investigated in relation to child anxiety disorders.

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Parenting behavior such as intrusive or controlling parenting and family accommodation contributes to children's anxiety symptoms.
“Researchers seeking to improve outcomes of CBT for anxious youth have looked to parenting behavior, such as intrusive or controlling parenting and family accommodation (adjustments made to routines or actions to ease the child’s anxiety), as potential targets for optimization given that these caregiver variables have been shown to contribute to children’s anxiety symptoms [7,8].”
From A Qualitative Study of Participant Feedback on an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Group-Based Intervention for Parents of Youth with Anxiety Disorders. (2026) · cites this paper as [7]

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Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000660 · Cited by 2,272 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2009)
Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Dennis, C., Falah‐Hassani, K., & Shiri, R. (2017) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179 · Cited by 1,502 · see citing works
“18 Similar adverse effects have been found for maternal postnatal anxiety, which has been associated with negative and disengaged parenting 19–21 and overcontrolling maternal behaviours that increase the likelihood of internalising and externalising difficulties in the child.”
Background
Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment
Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yap, M. B. H., Pilkington, P. D., Ryan, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.007 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Parent–child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions
Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990344 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
“One review focused exclusively on family factors in anxiety, but not depression (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006), and other reviews (e.g., DeKlyen & Greenberg, 2008; Ranson & Urichuk, 2008) have assessed the relations of attachment with a broad range of symptomatology, all with a limited focus…”
Background
Fathers' role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model
Bögels, S. M., & Phares, V. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.011 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
“…parental interpretations, validation of emotions, expressed emotion, attachment, marital conflict, and parental psychopathology as an underlying factor (see the reviews of Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Ginsburg & Schlossberg, 2002; Rapee, 1997; and Wood, McLeod, Sigman, Hwang, & Chu, 2003).”
Self-citation
Research Review: The relation between child and parent anxiety and parental control: a meta‐analytic review
van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Bögels, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01898.x · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citation
Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yap, M. B. H., & Jorm, A. F. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.050 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
“Firstly, the effects reported involved individual parental factors, so it is possible that different factors may have additive or multiplicative effects on child outcomes (e.g. warmth and control; Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Parker, 1979a, 1979b; Rapee, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model.
Spence, S., & Rapee, R. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
“…marital discord, family violence, childhood illness, and parental psychopathology (including mental health, substance abuse, and criminal behavior) represent transdiagnostic risk factors for a broad spectrum of disorders in adolescence (B€ogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
Background
FAMILY ACCOMMODATION IN PEDIATRIC ANXIETY DISORDERS: Research Article: Family Accommodation in Pediatric Anxiety
Lebowitz, E. R., Woolston, J., Bar-Haim, Y., Calvocoressi, L., Dauser, C., Warnick, E., Scahill, L., Chakir, A. R., Shechner, T., Hermes, H., et al. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21998 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“[21–23] The value of involving family members in treatment[24] has also been studied, with mixed results.”
The development of anxiety disorders in childhood: an integrative review
Murray, L., Creswell, C., & Cooper, P. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005157 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
“…the use of day-care, and family socialization and recreational activities, all stand to enhance or else limit child exposure to potential challenges beyond the home, and thereby the opportunity to develop coping skills (see reviews by Chorpita & Barlow, 1998; Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Mindful parenting in mental health care
Bögels, S. M., Lehtonen, A., & Restifo, K. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0014-5 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“Second, the way parents perceive the temperament of the child, more than the child’s actual temperament as assessed during objective observations, is found to shape the way parents parent the child (see Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment
Barker, E. D., Jaffee, S. R., Uher, R., & Maughan, B. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20856 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“[5] As with depression, anxiety in the mother is reported to associate with poor parenting—anxious mothers have been reported to be negative and disengaged.[27,28] There is also indication that anxious mothers engage in over-controlling types of parenting,[29] which can relate to both internalizing[29] and externalizi…”
Background
The Relationship between Study Anxiety and Academic Performance among Engineering Students
Vitasari, P., Wahab, M. N. A., Othman, A., Herawan, T., & Sinnadurai, S. K. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.067 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
The relation between insecure attachment and child anxiety: a meta-analytic review
Colonnesi, C., Draijer, E. M., Jan J. M. Stams, G., Van der Bruggen, C. O., Bögels, S. M., & Noom, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.581623 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“…1991), negative learning experiences (e.g., Muris, 2006), family functioning, quality of the marital relationship, and parental rearing (e.g., Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Van der Bruggen, Stams, & Bögels, 2008; Dadds & Roth, 2001; Manassis, 2008; Wood, McLeod, Sigman, Hwang, & Chu,…”
Self-citation
Altering the Trajectory of Anxiety in At-Risk Young Children
Rapee, R. M., Kennedy, S. J., Ingram, M., Edwards, S. L., & Sweeney, L. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111619 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Parents in prevention: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of parenting interventions to prevent internalizing problems in children from birth to age 18
Yap, M. B. H., Morgan, A. J., Cairns, K., Jorm, A. F., Hetrick, S. E., & Merry, S. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.003 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
War trauma lingers on: Associations between maternal posttraumatic stress disorder, parent–child interaction, and child development
van Ee, E., Kleber, R. J., & Mooren, T. T. M. (2012) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21324 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Child Versus Family Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Clinically Anxious Youth: An Efficacy and Partial Effectiveness Study
Bodden, D. H. M., Bögels, S. M., Nauta, M. H., De Haan, E., Ringrose, J., Appelboom, C., Brinkman, A. G., & Appelboom-Geerts, K. C. M. M. J. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318189148e · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Parental anxiety can cause or maintain child anxiety.(4) Therefore, parental involvement may be more (or only) important for anxious parents.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
General Growth Mixture Analysis of Adolescents' Developmental Trajectories of Anxiety: The Impact of Untested Invariance Assumptions on Substantive Interpretations
Morin, A. J. S., Maïano, C., Nagengast, B., Marsh, H. W., Morizot, J., & Janosz, M. (2011) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2011.607714 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Prediction of anxiety symptoms in preschool‐aged children: examination of maternal and paternal perspectives
Edwards, S. L., Rapee, R. M., & Kennedy, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02160.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its precursors in early childhood: A meta-analysis.
Möller, E., Nikolić, M., Majdandžić, M., & Bögels, S. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Re-jection may induceperception of theenvironment ashostileand threatening and lead to a negative view of the self, thus increasing child anxiety (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Bögels & Tarrier, 2004).”
Self-citation
Comprehensive Guide to Autism
(2014) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the first 12 months postpartum and child externalizing and internalizing behavior at three years
Kingston, D. E., Kehler, H. L., Austin, M., Mughal, M. K., Wajid, A., Vermeyden, L., Benzies, K., Brown, S., Stuart, S. P., & Giallo, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195365 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The relationship between adverse childhood experiences, family functioning, and mental health problems among children and adolescents: a systematic review
Scully, C., McLaughlin, J., & Fitzgerald, A. (2020) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12263 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“If you really love me, you will do/be…”: Parental psychological control and its implications for children's adjustment
Scharf, M., & Goldner, L. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.07.002 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
CBT for the treatment of child anxiety disorders: A review of why parental involvement has not enhanced outcomes
Breinholst, S., Esbjørn, B. H., Reinholdt‐Dunne, M. L., & Stallard, P. N. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.014 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Parental accommodation of child anxiety and related symptoms: Range, impact, and correlates
Thompson-Hollands, J., Kerns, C. E., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.007 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Family-level factors are intimately involved in the development, maintenance, and amelioration of disorders across the anxiety spectrum (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Cooper-Vince, Pincus, & Comer, 2014; Hudson, Comer, & Kendall, 2008).”
Background
Family Factors in the Development, Treatment, and Prevention of Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Drake, K. L., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2012) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0109-0 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“It is theorized that parents who model anxious behaviors may inadvertently teach their children to be anxious and avoidant (Beidel and Turner 1997; Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006; Capps et al. 1996; Fisak and Grills-Taquechel 2007; Rapee 2002).”
BackgroundResult
Interpersonal Stress Regulation and the Development of Anxiety Disorders: An Attachment-Based Developmental Framework
Nolte, T., Guiney, J., Fonagy, P., Mayes, L., & Luyten, P. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00055 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“…have established that certain features are more commonly found in the context of childhood anxiety and insecure–anxious attachment (for review see Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint, 2006), researchers have attempted to establish whether such styles cause anxiety in the Frontiers in Behavioral…”
Child Sexual Abuse in the Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Reviews
Maniglio, R. (2013) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838012470032 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Parenting During COVID ‐19: A Study of Parents' Experiences Across Gender and Income Levels
Kerr, M. L., Rasmussen, H. F., Fanning, K. A., & Braaten, S. M. (2021) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12571 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Relational Patterns Between Caregivers With PTSD and Their Nonexposed Children: A Review
van Ee, E., Kleber, R. J., & Jongmans, M. J. (2016) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838015584355 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“Similar but less consistent results have been found between maternal anxiety and negative child outcomes (Bo¨gels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Manassis, Bradley, Goldberg, Hood, & Swinson, 1994; Murray, Cooper, Creswell, Schofield, & Sack, 2007).”
Distorted cognition and pathological anxiety in children and adolescents
Muris, P., & Field, A. P. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701843450 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Examples of such variables are an insecure attachment relationship, controlling rearing styles, and a threatening family climate (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006 ).”
Background
Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth, and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions
PromisingInterventions, O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T. F., & Warner, K. E. (2009) · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The development of information processing biases in childhood anxiety: A review and exploration of its origins in parenting
Hadwin, J. A., Garner, M. J., & Perez‐Olivas, G. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.004 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Untitled work
Mangione (2022) · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.16936 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Social anxiety disorder: a review of environmental risk factors
Schmidt, L. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s1799 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Bögels and van Melick correlated paternal overprotection with child anxiety, and maternal overprotection with mother anxiety.”
Influential
Unique Roles of Mothering and Fathering in Child Anxiety; Moderation by Child’s Age and Gender
Verhoeven, M., Bögels, S. M., & van der Bruggen, C. O. (2011) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9483-y · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citation
COMPARING FAMILY ACCOMMODATION IN PEDIATRIC OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER, ANXIETY DISORDERS, AND NONANXIOUS CHILDREN: Research Article: Accommodation in Childhood OCD and Anxiety
Lebowitz, E. R., Scharfstein, L. A., & Jones, J. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22251 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Maternal anxiety, mother–infant interactions, and infants’ response to challenge
Kaitz, M., Maytal, H. R., Devor, N., Bergman, L., & Mankuta, D. (2010) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.12.003 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Children’s dental fear and anxiety: exploring family related factors
Wu, L., & Gao, X. (2018) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-018-0553-z · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“On the other hand, there was an alternative theory describing personality of single-born children as more self-centered, demanding, shy, dependent and moody [40].”
The Effect of Parent Involvement in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children: A Meta-Analysis
Thulin, U., Svirsky, L., Serlachius, E., Andersson, G., & Öst, L.-G. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.923928 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“…shown, and theoretical models have suggested, that dysfunctional family environment characterized by conflicts, negative communication, and lack of consequent parental behavior is associated with anxiety in children (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Siqueland, Ken- dall, & Steinberg, 1996).”
Background
The Development of Anxiety Disorders: Considering the Contributions of Attachment and Emotion Regulation
Esbjørn, B. H., Bender, P. K., Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Munck, L. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2012) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0105-4 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Parental overcontrol as a mechanism explaining the longitudinal association between parent and child anxiety
Borelli, J. L., Margolin, G., & Rasmussen, H. F. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9960-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The interplay between expressed parental anxiety and infant behavioural inhibition predicts infant avoidance in a social referencing paradigm
Aktar, E., Majdandžić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02601.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxious Adolescents: Developmental Influences on Treatment Design and Delivery
Sauter, F. M., Heyne, D. A., & Westenberg, P. M. (2009) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0058-z · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“(For a more detailed discussion of the role of parent and family factors in the etiology of child anxiety, see Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006 and Ginsburg and Schlossberg 2002).”
Background
Using Mechanical Turk to Study Family Processes and Youth Mental Health: A Test of Feasibility
Schleider, J. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0126-6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Specific phobias in youth: a randomized controlled trial comparing one-session treatment to a parent-augmented one-session treatment
Ollendick, T. H., Halldorsdottir, T., Fraire, M. G., Austin, K. E., Noguchi, R. J. P., Lewis, K. M., Jarrett, M. A., Cunningham, N. R., Canavera, K., Allen, K. B., et al. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.004 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Parenting strategies for reducing the risk of adolescent depression and anxiety disorders: A Delphi consensus study
Yap, M. B. H., Pilkington, P. D., Ryan, S., Kelly, C., & Jorm, A. F. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.017 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Family Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Clinical Anxiety Disorders
Bögels, S. M., & Siqueland, L. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000190467.01072.ee · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fathers’ Challenging Parenting Behavior Prevents Social Anxiety Development in Their 4-Year-Old Children: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Majdandžić, M., Möller, E. L., de Vente, W., Bögels, S. M., & Boom, D. C. V. D. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9774-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Rejection or hostility may lead to perceptions of the environment as threatening and may encourage children to develop a negative selfimage, increasing the risk of developing an anxiety disorder (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Family process and youth internalizing problems: A triadic model of etiology and intervention
Schleider, J. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941600016x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Most research on links between familial factors and attachment has focused on the roles of parent-and dyad-level factors, rather than family-level factors, on subsequent youth outcomes (Bo¨gels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
The Impact of Pediatric Chronic Pain on Parents' Health-Related Quality of Life and Family Functioning: Reliability and Validity of the PedsQL 4.0 Family Impact Module
Mano, K. E. J., Khan, K. A., Ladwig, R. J., & Weisman, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp099 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“…that the FIM should evidence significant associations with measures of pain catastrophizing (Goubert et al., 2006), child behavioral and emotional symptoms (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006), pediatric HRQOL (Connelly & Rapoff, 2006), and functional disability (Eccleston, Crombez, et al., 2004).”
Background
Child and Maternal Influence on Parenting Behavior in Clinically Anxious Children
Hudson, J. L., Doyle, A. M., & Gar, N. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802698438 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“In another study, Brunk and Henggeler (1984) trained two 10-year-old boys to behave like an anxiouswithdrawn child and a child with conduct disorder.”
Background
An examination of the interactions between mothers and children with anxiety disorders
Gar, N. S., & Hudson, J. L. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.006 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Early Forms of Controlling Parenting and the Development of Childhood Anxiety
Laurin, J. C., Joussemet, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Boivin, M. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0131-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“One’s family makes its mark on one’s proneness to anxiety problems as they tend to aggregate in families (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006).”
Generic versus disorder specific cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder in youth: A randomized controlled trial using internet delivery
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Kenardy, J. A., & Hearn, C. S. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.003 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…types of anxiety disorder, such as parental over-control and over-protection (Ollendick, Benoit, & Grills-Taquechel, 2014) and adverse life events (B€ogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; McLaughlin et al., 2012), research also indicates that there are unique factors that are important in explaining…”
Background
The impact of a family skills training intervention among Burmese migrant families in Thailand: A randomized controlled trial
Puffer, E. S., Annan, J. R., Sim, A. L., Salhi, C., & Betancourt, T. S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172611 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Parental Involvement: Contribution to Childhood Anxiety and Its Treatment
Wei, C., & Kendall, P. C. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0170-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Stressful Life Events and Child Anxiety: Examining Parent and Child Mediators
Platt, R. E., Williams, S. R., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0540-4 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“feels dissatisfaction with the child or with the parent–child relationship) may also undermine children’s perceived competence to cope with adversity [33, 34].”
Background
Early temperamental and family predictors of shyness and anxiety.
Volbrecht, M. M., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020616 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Aspects of the marital relationship, such as conflict and quality, are predictive of future anxiety problems in children (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Parent- and teacher-child relationships and engagement at school entry: Mediating, interactive, and transactional associations across contexts.
Heatly, M. C., & Votruba‐Drzal, E. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000310 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Early Adolescent Attachment to Parents, Emotional Problems, and Teacher-Academic Worries About the Middle School Transition
Duchesne, S., Ratelle, C. F., Poitras, S.-C., & Drouin, E. (2009) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431608325502 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“, sadness, loss of pleasure, worthlessness) symptoms (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Papini & Roggman, 1992; Rudolph, Flynn, & abaied, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Parental Anxiety, Parenting Behavior, and Infant Anxiety: Differential Associations for Fathers and Mothers
Möller, E. L., Majdandžić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0065-7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citation
Parenting mediates the impact of maternal depression on child internalizing symptoms
Kuckertz, J. M., Mitchell, C. M., & Wiggins, J. L. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22688 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…both childhood depression and anxiety as outcomes when examining the role of parental factors (Yap et al., 2014), which is supported by evidence suggesting shared parental risk factors for these disorders (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Dozois, Seeds, & Collins, 2009; Wilamowska et al., 2010).”
Background
Environmental transmission of generalized anxiety disorder from parents to children: worries, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty
Aktar, E., Nikolić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/eaktar · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
Parental behaviors and adolescents' achievement goals at the beginning of middle school: Emotional problems as potential mediators.
Duchesne, S., & Ratelle, C. F. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019320 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Mom told me scary things about this animal: Parents installing fear beliefs in their children via the verbal information pathway
Muris, P., van Zwol, L., Huijding, J., & Mayer, B. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in development of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms in an 8-year longitudinal community study
Nelemans, S. A., Hale, W. W., Branje, S., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Frijns, T., van Lier, P. A. C., & Meeus, W. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000503 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…(for a systematic review, see Kingery, Erdley, Marshall, Whitaker, & Reuter, 2010), the parent– child relationship (for a systematic review, see Bo¨gels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; for a meta-analysis, see McLeod, Wood, & Weisz, 2007), identity development (e.g., Crocetti et al., 2009), and…”
Risk indicators of anxiety throughout adolescence: The TRAILS study
van Oort, F. V. A., Greaves‐Lord, K., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Huizink, A. C. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20818 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“[29] Little consensus exists regarding the socioeconomic situation of the family as a risk factor for anxiety.[9,18,21,30] Finally, peer factors can form a risk for anxiety.”
Background
Family dysfunction and Adolescents' anxiety and depression: A multiple mediation model
Wang, Y., Tian, L., Guo, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101090 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Accommodation in youth with OCD and anxiety.
Kagan, E. R., Frank, H. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2017) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12186 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Children's fear reactions to the 2009 Swine Flu pandemic: The role of threat information as provided by parents
Remmerswaal, D., & Muris, P. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.008 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Besides genetic ransmission (see Eley & Gregory, 2004), at least part of the interenerational transfer of fear and anxiety can be ascribed to anxious earing behaviors of parents (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; ood, McLeod, Sigman, Hwang, & Chu, 2003).”
Background
Maternal Criticism and Adolescent Depressive and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms: A 6-Year Longitudinal Community Study
Nelemans, S. A., Hale, W. W., Branje, S., Hawk, S. T., & Meeus, W. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9817-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The direction of effects between perceived parental behavioral control and psychological control and adolescents’ self-reported GAD and SAD symptoms
Wijsbroek, S. A. M., Hale, W. W., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., & Meeus, W. (2011) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0183-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“and child anxiety have on one another [21, 44].”
BackgroundInfluential
Family Functioning and Psychological Health of Children with Mentally Ill Parents
Wiegand‐Grefe, S., Sell, M., Filter, B., & Plaß-Christl, A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16071278 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Public Health 2019, 16, 1278; doi:10.3390/ijerph16071278 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Boegels and Brechman-Toussaint [7] identified a higher percentage of dysfunctional family structures in families with parental anxiety disorders in comparison to psychologically healthy controls or other parental disorders.”
BackgroundInfluential
Irritability and Severity of Anxious Symptomatology Among Youth With Anxiety Disorders
Cornacchio, D., Crum, K. I., Coxe, S. J., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Perceived Psychological Control and Anxiety in Early Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Attributional Style
Schleider, J. L., Vélez, C. E., Krause, E. D., & Gillham, J. E. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9573-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Group therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder
McConachie, H., McLaughlin, E., Grahame, V., Taylor, H., Honey, E., Tavernor, L., Rodgers, J., Freeston, M., Hemm, C., Steen, N., et al. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313488839 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006) was used to extrapolate main themes from the transcripts; two independent raters divided participant responses into themes derived by the interviewer, with 100% agreement.”
Method
The Impact of Brief Parental Anxiety Management on Child Anxiety Treatment Outcomes: A Controlled Trial
Hudson, J. L., Newall, C., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., Schniering, C. A., Wuthrich, V. M., Schneider, S. C., Seeley-Wait, E., Edwards, S., & Gar, N. S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.807734 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…underreport their own anxiety symptoms, potentially due to feelings of guilt that is associated with feeling responsible for the child’s anxiety (Kendall & Suveg, 2006), and (b) self-report measures of anxiety tend to be less objective than clinical interviews (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Background
Parental rearing as a function of parent's own, partner's, and child's anxiety status: Fathers make the difference
Bögels, S. M., Bamelis, L. L. M., & van der Bruggen, C. O. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930801886706 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Parental negativity is conceptualised as the absence of warmth and acceptance and the presence of parental criticism and rejection (see Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Parenting and social anxiety: fathers’ versus mothers’ influence on their children’s anxiety in ambiguous social situations
Bögels, S. M., Stevens, J., & Majdandžić, M. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02345.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…for the disorder (Hettema, Prescott, Myers, Neale, & Kendler, 2005; Kendler et al., 1992), factors such as information processing, modelling, rearing, and family functioning may play a role in the intergenerational transmission from parents to offspring (e.g., Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006).”
Self-citation
Indirect Effects of Parenting Practices on Internalizing Problems among Adolescents: The Role of Expressive Suppression
Balan, R., Dobrean, A., Roman, G. D., & Balázsi, R. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0532-4 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“For example, two main domains of cognitive functioning posited to act as mechanisms through which parental over-control promotes child anxiety are outcome expectancy biases and children’s locus of control (e.g., Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint 2006; Chorpita & Barlow 1998).”
Background
Relationship between parental psychological control and problem behaviours in youths: A three-level meta-analysis
Yan, F., Zhang, Q., Ran, G., Li, S., & Niu, X. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104900 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-Reported and Observed Punitive Parenting Prospectively Predicts Increased Error-Related Brain Activity in Six-Year-Old Children
Meyer, A. M., Hajcak, G., Bufferd, S. J., Kujawa, A., Laptook, R. S., Torpey, D. C., & Klein, D. N. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9918-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…desirability and other biases associated with self-reports, it is difficult to determine the extent to which observations conducted in a short laboratory visit generalize to daily interactions between parents and children (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006; Epstein 1980; Greco and Morris 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Longitudinal Associations Between Perceived Parent-Adolescent Attachment Relationship Quality and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Adolescence
van Eijck, F. E. A. M., Branje, S., Hale, W. W., & Meeus, W. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9613-z · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“It is assumed that emotional problems of adolescents could lead to negative responses of their parents (Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
The impact of maternal anxiety disorder on mother-infant interaction in the postpartum period
Reck, C., Tietz, A., Müller, M., Seibold, K., & Tronick, E. Z. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194763 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Other research has linked anxious parenting to higher parental control [45,46,47] (e.”
BackgroundResult
Anxiety levels in clinically referred children and their parents: examining the unique influence of self-reported attachment styles and interview-based reflective functioning in mothers and fathers.
Esbjørn, B. H., Pedersen, S. H., Daniel, S. I. F., Hald, H. H., Holm, J. M., & Steele, H. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12024 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Anxiety in the family: a genetically informed analysis of transactional associations between mother, father and child anxiety symptoms
Ahmadzadeh, Y. I., Eley, T. C., Leve, L. D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., & McAdams, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13068 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Developmental Epidemiology of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia in Adolescents
Knappe, S., Sasagawa, S., & Creswell, C. (2015) · Social Anxiety and Phobia in Adolescents · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16703-9_3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Parenting and Parental Anxiety and Depression as Predictors of Treatment Outcome for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Has the Role of Fathers Been Underestimated?
Liber, J. M., van Widenfelt, B. M., Goedhart, A. W., Utens, E. M. W. J., van der Leeden, A. J. M., Markus, M. T., & Treffers, P. D. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802359692 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis (McLeod et al, 2006 ) and two reviews consistently identified higher rates of parental control as a substantial parenting factor related to anxiety in children (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006 ; Wood, McLeod, Sigman, Hwang, & Chu, 2003 ).”
Background
A research for identifying study anxiety sources among university students
Vitasari, P., Wahab, M. N. A., Othman, A., & Awang, M. G. (2010) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v3n2p189 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Other sources as assumption in study anxiety, family factors are contribute to develop of anxiety disorders among students such as children of parents with anxiety disorders have an elevated rate of anxiety disorders (Susan and Margareth, 2006).”
Background
Parenting behaviour as a mediator between young children's negative emotionality and their anxiety/depression
van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J. M., Bögels, S. M., & Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C. (2010) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.665 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citation
Longitudinal Relations Between Adolescent and Parental Behaviors, Parental Knowledge, and Internalizing Behaviors Among Urban Adolescents
Garthe, R. C., Sullivan, T. N., & Kliewer, W. L. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0112-0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Additionally, several review articles found that parental warmth and acceptance were negatively related to depressive and anxiety symptoms (e.g., Bogels and Brechman-Toussaint 2006; Rapee 1997; Wood et al. 2003).”
Characterizing the association between parenting and adolescent social phobia
Knappe, S., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fehm, L., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.014 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“One parent may reinforce or even compensate for the unfavorable behavior of the other (Bögels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; Bögels & Phares, 2008).”
Background
Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents
Chiu, A. W., Falk, A. E., & Walkup, J. T. (2016) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20150029 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Psychosocial mechanisms for the transmission of somatic symptoms from parents to children
van Tilburg, M. A. L. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i18.5532 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Family dysfunction and anxiety in adolescents: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and perceived school stress
Guo, L., Tian, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.04.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Intergenerational relations in childhood anxiety: A network approach
Baartmans, J. M. D., van Steensel, F. J. A., Kossakowski, J. J., Klein, A. M., & Bögels, S. M. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12983 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Children’s worry and the family
Wilson, C. E. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351227667-3
The Role of Parental Anxiety Sensitivity and Beliefs About Child Anxiety in the Relationship Between Parent and Child Anxiety
Manley, S., & Francis, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09937-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Family functioning and anxiety in children: a narrative review
Ye, Z.-Y., Han, Z.-Y., & Zhong, B. (2025) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-2025-324 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The development of anxiety disorders in childhood: an integrative review
Murray, L., Creswell, C., & Cooper, P. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005157 · Cited by 367 · see citing works

Authors: Bögels, S. M., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Bögels, Susan M.
ORCID: Bögels, Susan M.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 26
Issue: 7
Pages: 834-856
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001
OpenAlex: W1966079923
Cited by: 708
References: 173
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 26.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
EPubDev Repository (submittedVersion)
RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: childhood anxiety, family factors, attachment, family functioning, parental beliefs, intergenerational transmission of anxiety, parental anxiety, marital conflict, co-parenting, sibling relationships, child psychopathology
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Attitude, Child, Psychology, Child, Child Rearing, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Family, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Object Attachment, Perception, Risk Factors, Parenting

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Family Issues in Child Anxiety: Attachment, Family Functioning, Parental Rearing and Beliefs

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