The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low-budget virtual reality (VR) exposure versus exposure in vivo in a between-group design in 33 patients suffering from acrophobia. The virtual environments used in treatment were exactly copied from the real environments used in the exposure in vivo program. VR exposure was found to be as effective as exposure in vivo on anxiety and avoidance as measured with the Acrophobia Questionnaire (AQ), the Attitude Towards Heights Questionnaire (ATHQ) and the Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT). Results were maintained up to six months follow-up. The present study shows that VR exposure can be effective with relatively cheap hardware and software on stand-alone computers currently on the market. Further studies into the effectiveness of VR exposure are recommended in other clinical groups as agoraphobics and social phobics and studies in which VR exposure is compared with more emerging virtual worlds as presented in CAVE-type systems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Significant reductions in depression were also found when interventions were used for specific driving phobia30 and acrophobia.38”
From Game-based digital interventions for depression therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“In our meta-analysis, only the RCT studies by Emmelkamp et al.38 and Proudfoot et al.37 reported some remaining benefits at the 6 month follow-up.”
From Game-based digital interventions for depression therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“One of the largest trials for this disorder randomly allocated 33 people with a fear of heights to three 1-h sessions of either exposure in vivo or VR exposure—in both cases delivered by a therapist.9 Both treatments were equally effective and the benefits remained 6 months later.”
Citations
Cites
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders
Spitzer, R. L., First, M. B., & Gibbon, M. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,582
Lr, D., & Derogatis, L. R. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,027
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t07827-000 · Cited by 1,403
Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.626 · Cited by 694
Virtual reality and tactile augmentation in the treatment of spider phobia: a case report
Carlin, A. S., Hoffman, H. G., & Weghorst, S. J. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00085-x · Cited by 442
Virtual reality graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia: A case report
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Rob Kooper, A., Opdyke, D., Williford, J. S., & North, M. M. (1995) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80100-5 · Cited by 278
Virtual reality treatment of claustrophobia: a case report
Botella, C., Baños, R. M., Perpiñá, C., Villa, H., Alcañiz, M., & Rey, A. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10006-7 · Cited by 247
Virtual Reality Treatment in Acrophobia: A Comparison with Exposure in Vivo
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Bruynzeel, M., Drost, L., & van der Mast, C. P. A. G. (2001) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493101300210222 · Cited by 241
Self-citationComparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia
Cohen, D. C. (1977) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(77)80116-0 · Cited by 216
Virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying: a case report
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Watson, B. A., Kessler, G. D., & Opdyke, D. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00007-1 · Cited by 208
Abelson, J. L., & Curtis, G. C. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90091-0 · Cited by 97
Virtual reality therapy for fear of flying
North, M. M., North, S. M., & Coble, J. R. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.1.130b · Cited by 84
The process of exposure in vivo : cognitive and physiological changes during treatment of acrophobia
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Felten, M. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90034-8 · Cited by 62
Self-citationEffectiveness of Virtual Environment Desensitization in the Treatment of Agoraphobia
North, M. M., North, S. M., & Coble, J. R. (1995) · International Journal of Virtual Reality · doi:10.20870/ijvr.1995.1.2.2603 · Cited by 37
Cited by
Sorted by citations
From presence to consciousness through virtual reality.
Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1651 · Cited by 1,831
Virtual Reality in the Assessment, Understanding, and Treatment of Mental Health Disorders
Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700040x · Cited by 1,428
Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy
Bohil, C. J., Alicea, B., & Biocca, F. A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3122 · Cited by 1,108
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090
Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 · Cited by 994
Metadata
- Authors
- Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Emmelkamp, P.M.G
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 509-516
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021999691
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 23.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, acrophobia, fear of heights, exposure therapy, low-cost virtual reality, anxiety, avoidance behavior, treatment effectiveness, maintenance of treatment effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Random Allocation, User-Computer Interface, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
