From presence to consciousness through virtual reality.
Open accessAbstract
Immersive virtual environments can break the deep, everyday connection between where our senses tell us we are and where we are actually located and whom we are with. The concept of 'presence' refers to the phenomenon of behaving and feeling as if we are in the virtual world created by computer displays. In this article, we argue that presence is worthy of study by neuroscientists, and that it might aid the study of perception and consciousness.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
By changing the visual perspective, it is possible to induce the feeling of being in a different place or illusory out-of-body experiences where people seem to lose ownership of their own body when observing it from the point of view of another person.
“By changing the visual perspective, it is possible to induce the feeling of being in a different place [21], [22], [23] or, even, illusory ‘out-of-body experiences’ where people seem to lose ownership of their own body when observing it from the point of view of another person (which we refer to as the third person perspective) [6].”
From If I were you: Perceptual illusion of body swapping (2008) · cites this paper as [22]
A recent observation [24] is that the strong illusion of being in the place depicted by virtual reality occurs when sensorimotor contingencies for perception [25], [26] are similar to those of physical reality, that is, when a participant can use their body for perception in much the same way as normally [27].
“This also ties in with a recent observation that the strong illusion of being in the place depicted by the virtual reality [24] occurs when sensorimotor contingencies for perception [25], [26] are similar to those of physical reality, that is, when a participant can use their body for perception in much the same way as normally [27].”
From First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality (2010) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Slater, M., & Wilbur, S. (1997) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1997.6.6.603 · Cited by 3,034 · see citing works
Self-citationSurround-screen projection-based virtual reality
Cruz‐Neira, C., Sandin, D. J., & DeFanti, T. A. (1993) · ACM SIGGRAPH Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/166117.166134 · Cited by 2,331 · see citing works
The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights
Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474601300343603 · Cited by 2,303 · see citing works
Musings on Telepresence and Virtual Presence
Sheridan, T. B. (1992) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.120 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory
Lessiter, J., Freeman, J., Keogh, E., & Davidoff, J. (2001) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474601300343612 · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders
Laureys, S., Owen, A. M., & Schiff, N. D. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00852-x · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality
Usoh, M., Catena, E., Arman, S., & Slater, M. (2000) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474600566989 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Well-Worn Route and the Path Less Traveled
Hartley, T., Maguire, E. A., Spiers, H. J., & Burgess, N. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00095-3 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Slater, M., & Steed, A. (2000) · Presence - Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474600566925 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Self-citationSlater, M., Usoh, M., & Steed, A. J. (1995) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/210079.210084 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.626 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Perceptual learning without perception
Watanabe, T., Náñez, J. E., & Sasaki, Y. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35101601 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Vietnam Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Ready, D. J., Graap, K. M., & Alarcón, R. D. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n0808 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
An experimental study on the role of touch in shared virtual environments
Basdogan, C., Ho, C., Srinivasan, M., & Slater, M. (2000) · ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. · doi:10.1145/365058.365082 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceptual filling in of artificially induced scotomas in human vision
Ramachandran, V. S., & Gregory, R. L. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/350699a0 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying.
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Smith, S., Lee, J. H., & Price, L. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.1020 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
An Experiment on Public Speaking Anxiety in Response to Three Different Types of Virtual Audience
Pertaub, D.-P., Slater, M., & Barker, C. (2002) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474602317343668 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review
Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Olafsson, R. P., & Biemond, R. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.001 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study
Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. A., & Botella, C. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Meehan, M., Insko, B. E., Whitton, M. C., & Brooks, F. P. (2002) · ACM SIGGRAPH Conference (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/566570.566630 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00023-7 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Meehan, M., Insko, B. E., Whitton, M. C., & Brooks, F. P. (2002) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/566654.566630 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
The Influence of Body Movement on Subjective Presence in Virtual Environments
Slater, M., Steed, A., Mccarthy, J., & Maringelli, F. (1998) · Hum. Factors · doi:10.1518/001872098779591368 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual reality and tactile augmentation in the treatment of spider phobia: a case report
Carlin, A. S., Hoffman, H. G., & Weghorst, S. J. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00085-x · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Multisensory Integration during Motor Planning
Sober, S. J., & Sabes, P. N. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-18-06982.2003 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Hoffman, H. G., Patterson, D. R., & Carrougher, G. J. (2000) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200009000-00010 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Presence as Being-in-the-World
Zahorik, P., & Jenison, R. L. (1998) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474698565541 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
How Colorful Was Your Day? Why Questionnaires Cannot Assess Presence in Virtual Environments
Slater, M. (2004) · Presence - Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/1054746041944849 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationRepresentations systems, perceptual position, and presence in immersive virtual environments
Slater, M., & Usoh, M. (1993) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1993.2.3.221 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Self-citationModulation of thermal pain-related brain activity with virtual reality: evidence from fMRI
Hoffman, H. G., Richards, T. L., Coda, B. A., Bills, A. R., Blough, D. K., Richards, A. L., & Sharar, S. R. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000127826.73576.91 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Draper, J. V., KABER, D. B., & Usher, J. M. (1998) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872098779591386 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
A Pilot and Feasibility Study of Virtual Reality as a Distraction for Children With Cancer
Gershon, J., Zimand, E., Pickering, M., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Hodges, L. F. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000135621.23145.05 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Presence within Virtual Environments as a Function of Visual Display Parameters
Hendrix, C., & Barfield, W. (1996) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.274 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: A case study
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Alarcon, R., Ready, D., Shahar, F., Graap, K., Pair, J., Hebert, P., Gotz, D., Wills, B., et al. (1999) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024772308758 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Waggenspack, W. (1999) · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Difede, J., & Hoffman, H. G. (2002) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493102321018169 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Welch, R., Blackmon, T., Liu, A., Mellers, B., & Stark, L. (1996) · Presence - Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.263 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Held, R. M., & Durlach, N. I. (1992) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.109 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Meddis, R., Pearson, D. E., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2000) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474600566691 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The Sense of Presence within Auditory Virtual Environments
Hendrix, C. M., & Barfield, W. (1996) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.290 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
IJsselsteijn, W. A., de Ridder, H., Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., & Bouwhuis, D. G. (2001) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474601300343621 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Effect of latency on presence in stressful virtual environments
Meehan, M., Razzaque, S., Whitton, M. C., & Brooks, F. P. (2003) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2003.1191132 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Effects of Sensory Information and Prior Experience on Direct Subjective Ratings of Presence
Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Pearson, D. E., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (1999) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474699566017 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Virtual environments for treating the fear of heights
Hodges, L. F., Rob Kooper, A., Meyer, T., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Opdyke, D., Graaff, J. J. D., Williford, J. S., & North, M. M. (1995) · Computer · doi:10.1109/2.391038 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Phantom-based haptic interaction with virtual objects
Salisbury, J. K., & Srinivasan, M. A. (1997) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.1997.1626171 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Presence in immersive virtual environments
Slater, M., & Usoh, M. (2002) · doi:10.1109/vrais.1993.380793 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Correlates of Encoding Space from Route and Survey Perspectives
Shelton, A. L., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-07-02711.2002 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Presence in Shared Virtual Environments and Virtual Togetherness
Durlach, N. I., & Slater, M. (2000) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474600566736 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationTwelve-month follow-up of virtual reality and standard exposure therapies for the fear of flying.
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Anderson, P. L., Price, L. R., & Smith, S. G. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.428 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Slater, M. (2002) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474602760204327 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationFurther Musings on the Psychophysics of Presence
Sheridan, T. B. (1996) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.2.241 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Perceptual filling-in: a parametric study
Weerd, P. D., Desimone, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1998) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00432-x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The effect of update rate on the sense of presence within virtual environments
Barfield, W., & Hendrix, C. M. (1995) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/bf02009709 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Nature and origins of virtual environments: a bibliographical essay
Ellis, S. R. (1991) · Computing Systems in Engineering · doi:10.1016/0956-0521(91)90001-l · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Further musings on the psychophysics of presence
Sheridan, T. B. (2002) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.1994.399986 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Psychology of Persecutory Ideation II
Freeman, D. H., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P., Slater, M., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Green, C., Jordan, J., Ray, K., & Dunn, G. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000161686.53245.70 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent Developments and Applications of Haptic Devices
Laycock, S. D., & Day, A. M. (2003) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/1467-8659.00654 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Interfaces that heal: coupling real and virtual objects to treat spider phobia
Hoffman, H. G., Garcia-Palacios, A., Carlin, A., Furness III, T. A., & Botella-Arbona, C. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1602_08 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Can Virtual Reality be Used to Investigate Persecutory Ideation?
Freeman, D. H., Slater, M., Bebbington, P., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Met, A., Read, C. M., Jordan, J., & Vinayagamoorthy, V. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000082212.83842.fe · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationPresence of Mind:A Reaction to Thomas Sheridan's “Further Musings on the Psychophysics of Presence”
Ellis, S. R. (1996) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.2.247 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Investigating the biology of consciousness
The American Association for Research into Nervous and Mental Diseases, & Damasio, A. R. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0339 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Reality of Experience: Gibson's Way
Flach, J. M., & Holden, J. G. (1998) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474698565550 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The influence of rendering quality on presence and task performance in a virtual environment
Zimmons, P., & Panter, A. T. (2003) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2003.1191170 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The Psychology of Persecutory Ideation I
Freeman, D. H., Dunn, G., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P., Slater, M., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Green, C., Jordan, J., & Ray, K. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000161687.12931.67 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationPresence in virtual environments as a function of type of input device and display update rate
Barfield, W., Baird, K. M., & Bjorneseth, O. (1998) · Displays · doi:10.1016/s0141-9382(98)00041-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Sense of Presence for the Suddenly Deafened Adult:Implications for Virtual Environments
Gilkey, R. H., & Weisenberger, J. M. (1995) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1995.4.4.357 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Virtual reality (VR) for psychotherapy: From the physical to the social environment.
Glantz, K., Durlach, N. I., Barnett, R. C., & Aviles, W. A. (1996) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.33.3.464 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Presence Accompanying Induced Hearing Loss: Implications for Immersive Virtual Environments
Murray, C. D., Arnold, P., & Thornton, B. (2000) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474600566682 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effects of Stereopsis and Head Tracking on Performance Using Desktop Virtual Environment Displays
Barfield, W., Hendrix, C. M., & Bystrom, K. (1999) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474699566198 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Guest editors' introduction - Haptic rendering - beyond visual computing
Lin, M., & Salisbury, K. (2004) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2004.1274057 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Selected papers of the Eurographics workshops on Virtual environments '95
Göbel, M. (1995) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Guest Editors' Introduction: Haptic Rendering-Touch—Enabled Interfaces
Lin, M. C., & Salisbury, K. (2004) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2004.51 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rizzo, A., & Buckwalter, J. G. (2001) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.2001.10.4.iii · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Slater, M. & Usoh, M. Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments. in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference -Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium 90-96 (IEEE Neural Networks Council, Seattle, WA, 1993).
- Prothero, J., Parker, D., Furness, T. & Wells, M. Towards a Robust, Quantitative Measure of Presence. in Proceedings of the Conference on Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situational Awareness 359-366 (Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press, Datona Beach, FL, 1995).
- Welch, R.B. The Presence of Aftereffects. in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction-Volume 1 -Volume I 273-276 (Elsevier Science Inc., 1997).
- Slater, M., Brogni, A. & Steed, A. Physiological Responses to Breaks in Presence: A Pilot Study. in The 6th Annual International Workshop on Presence Vol. 2003 (Aalborg, Denmark, 2003).
- Väljamäe, A., Larsson, P., Västfjäll, D. & Kleiner, M. Auditory Presence, Individualized Head-Related Transfer Functions, and Illusory Ego-Motion in Virtual Environments. in 7th International Conference on Presence - Proceedings of Presence 2004 141-147 (Valencia, Spain, 2004).
- Sallnas, E.-L., Rassmus-Grohn, K. & Sjostrom, C. Supporting presence in collaborative environments by haptic force feedback. ACM Trans. Comput.- Hum. Interact. 7, 461-476 (2000).
- Hoffman, H.G., Garcia-Palacios, A., Kapa, V., Beecher, J. & Sharar, S.R. Immersive virtual reality for reducing experimental ischemic pain. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 15, 469-486 (2003).
- Hoffman, H.G. et al. Water-friendly virtual reality pain control during wound care. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, 189-195 (2004).
- Armel, K.C. & Ramachandran, V.S. Projecting sensations to external objects: evidence from skin conductance response. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 270, 1499-1506 (2003).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments
Slater, M. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0138 · Cited by 2,691 · see citing works
Self-citationProske, U., & Gandevia, S. C. (2012) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00048.2011 · Cited by 2,223 · see citing works
Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality
Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2016) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2016.00074 · Cited by 1,993 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism
Guttentag, D. A. (2009) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003 · Cited by 1,833 · see citing works
The impact of virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies on the customer experience
Flavián, C., Ibáñez‐Sánchez, S., & Orús, C. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.050 · Cited by 1,537 · see citing works
Video ergo sum: manipulating bodily self-consciousness
Lenggenhager, B., Tadi, T., Metzinger, T., & Blanke, O. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1143439 · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Affective interactions using virtual reality: the link between presence and emotions
Riva, G., Mantovani, F., Capideville, C. S., Preziosa, A., Morganti, F., Villani, D., Gaggioli, A., Botella, C., & Alcañiz, M. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9993 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality
Slater, M., Spanlang, B., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Blanke, O. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010564 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Self-citationFull-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood
Blanke, O., & Metzinger, T. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.003 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias
Peck, T. C., Seinfeld, S., Aglioti, S. M., & Slater, M. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.04.016 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Self-citationIf I were you: Perceptual illusion of body swapping
Petkova, V. I., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003832 · Cited by 953 · see citing works
An Interoceptive Predictive Coding Model of Conscious Presence
Seth, A. K., Suzuki, K., & Critchley, H. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00395 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION In consciousness science, psychiatry, and virtual reality (VR), the concept of presence is used to refer to the subjective sense of reality of the world and of the self within the world (Metzinger, 2003; Sanchez-Vives and Slater, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialPresence and Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Are Negatively Related: A Review
Weech, S., Kenny, S., & Barnett-Cowan, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00158 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Recent advances in wearable tactile sensors: Materials, sensing mechanisms, and device performance
Yang, T., Xie, D., Li, Z., & Zhu, H. (2017) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2017.02.001 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Behavioral, Neural, and Computational Principles of Bodily Self-Consciousness
Blanke, O., Slater, M., & Serino, A. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.029 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Self-citationHilken, T., de Ruyter, K., Chylinski, M., Mahr, D., & Keeling, D. I. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-017-0541-x · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Construction safety training using immersive virtual reality
Sacks, R., Perlman, A., & Barak, R. (2013) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2013.828844 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
A Virtual Reprise of the Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiments
Slater, M., Antley, A., Davison, A. R., Swapp, D., Guger, C., Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2006) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000039 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroscience of virtual reality: from virtual exposure to embodied medicine
Riva, G., Wiederhold, B. K., & Mantovani, F. (2019) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.29099.gri · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Inducing illusory ownership of a virtual body
Slater, M. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.01.029.2009 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Self-citationImmersive Journalism: Immersive Virtual Reality for the First-Person Experience of News
de la Peña, N., Weil, P., Llobera, J., Spanlang, B., Friedman, D. A., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2010) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00005 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual memory palaces: immersion aids recall
Krokos, E., Catherine Plaisant, B., & Varshney, A. (2018) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-018-0346-3 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Towards a digital body: the virtual arm illusion
Slater, M. (2008) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.006.2008 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual and augmented reality: Advancing research in consumer marketing
Wedel, M., Bigné, E., & Zhang, J. (2020) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.04.004 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Henderson, A., Korner-Bitensky, N. A., & Levin, M. F. (2007) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/tsr1402-52 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Being with virtual others: Neural correlates of social interaction
Schilbach, L., Wohlschlaeger, A. M., Kraemer, N., Newen, A., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Vogeley, K. T. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.017 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Virtual reality in cognitive and motor rehabilitation: facts, fiction and fallacies
Tieri, G., Morone, G., Paolucci, S., & Iosa, M. (2018) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2018.1425613 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Saygin, A. P., Chaminade, T., Ishiguro, H., Driver, J., & Frith, C. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr025 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Virtual hand illusion induced by visuomotor correlations
Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Spanlang, B., Frisoli, A., Bergamasco, M., & Slater, M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010381 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationWohlgenannt, I., Simons, A., & Stieglitz, S. (2020) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-020-00658-9 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Nilsson, N. C., Nordahl, R., & Serafin, S. (2016) · Human Technology · doi:10.17011/ht/urn.201611174652 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between presence and enjoyment in a virtual museum
Sylaiou, S., Mania, K., Karoulis, A., & White, M. (2009) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.11.002 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
The Senses of Agency and Ownership: A Review
Braun, N., Debener, S., Spychała, N., Bongartz, E., Sörös, P., Müller, H., & Philipsen, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00535 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Drumming in Immersive Virtual Reality: The Body Shapes the Way We Play
Kilteni, K., Bergstrom, I., & Slater, M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2013.29 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the use of Virtual Reality in Marketing: A text mining-based review
Loureiro, S. M. C., Guerreiro, J., Eloy, S., Langaro, D., & Panchapakesan, P. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.055 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Visual Realism Enhances Realistic Response in an Immersive Virtual Environment
Slater, M., Khanna, P., Mortensen, J., & Yu, I. (2009) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2009.55 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationEmbodying self-compassion within virtual reality and its effects on patients with depression
Falconer, C. J., Rovira, A., King, J. A., Gilbert, P., Antley, A., Fearon, P., Ralph, N., Slater, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2016) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002147 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationTamayo, J. L. R., Barrio, M. G., & García, F. G. (2017) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti1040021 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Virtual reality study of paranoid thinking in the general population
Freeman, D. H., Pugh, K., Antley, A., Slater, M., Bebbington, P., Gittins, M., Dunn, G., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., & Garety, P. A. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.044677 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationKokkinara, E., & Slater, M. (2014) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p7545 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationHiguera-Trujillo, J. L., López-Tarruella Maldonado, J., & Llinares Millán, C. (2017) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.05.006 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Embodiment and Presence in Virtual Worlds: A Review
Schultze, U. (2010) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1057/jit.2010.25 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
A Separate Reality: An Update on Place Illusion and Plausibility in Virtual Reality
Slater, M., Banakou, D., Beacco, A., Gallego, J., Macia-Varela, F., & Oliva, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.914392 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationImmersive Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain
Won, A., Bailey, J., Bailenson, J., Tataru, C., Yoon, I., & Golianu, B. (2017) · Children · doi:10.3390/children4070052 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Multisensory stimulation can induce an illusion of larger belly size in immersive virtual reality.
Normand, J.-M., Giannopoulos, E., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016128 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationHow we experience immersive virtual environments: the concept of presence and its measurement *
Slater, M., Lotto, B., Arnold, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2009) · Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to Build an Embodiment Lab: Achieving Body Representation Illusions in Virtual Reality
Spanlang, B., Normand, J., Borland, D., Kilteni, K., Giannopoulos, E., Pomés, A., González-Franco, M., Pérez-Marcos, D., Arroyo-Palacios, J., Navarro, X., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2014.00009 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationPizzi, G., Scarpi, D., Pichierri, M., & Vannucci, V. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.008 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Baus, O., & Bouchard, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00112 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Model of Illusions and Virtual Reality
González-Franco, M., & Lanier, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01125 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Park, K., Ku, J. H., Choi, S., Jang, H.-J., Park, J., Kim, S. I., & Kim, J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.003 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
González-Franco, M., Pérez-Marcos, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2010) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2010.5444805 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationOffenders become the victim in virtual reality: impact of changing perspective in domestic violence
Seinfeld, S., Arroyo-Palacios, J., Iruretagoyena, G., Hortensius, R., Zapata, L. E., Borland, D., de Gelder, B., Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19987-7 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual Reality for Research in Social Neuroscience
Parsons, T. D., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7040042 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Immersive Virtual Reality and Virtual Embodiment for Pain Relief
Matamala-Gomez, M., Donegan, T., Bottiroli, S., Sandrini, G., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Tassorelli, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00279 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationFreeman, D. H., Bradley, J., Antley, A., Bourke, E., DeWeever, N., Evans, N., Černis, E., Sheaves, B., Waite, F., Dunn, G., et al. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.176438 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of virtual reality technique for the training of motor control in the elderly
de Bruin, E. D., Schoene, D., Pichierri, G., & Smith, S. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-010-0124-7 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Visual Realism Enhances Realistic Response in an Immersive Virtual Environment - Part 2
Yu, I., Mortensen, J., Khanna, P., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2012) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2012.121 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationIs the rubber hand illusion induced by immersive virtual reality?
Yuan, Y., & Steed, A. J. (2010) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2010.5444807 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The neuroscience of body memory: From the self through the space to the others
Riva, G. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.07.013 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Flow and Immersion in Video Games: The Aftermath of a Conceptual Challenge
Michailidis, L., Balaguer‐Ballester, E., & He, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01682 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Virtual reality in research and rehabilitation of gait and balance in Parkinson disease
Canning, C. G., Allen, N. E., Nackaerts, E., Paul, S. S., Nieuwboer, A., & Gilat, M. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-020-0370-2 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Cognitive and cognitive-motor interventions affecting physical functioning: A systematic review
Pichierri, G., Wolf, P., Murer, K., & de Bruin, E. D. (2011) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-11-29 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Pręgowska, A., Masztalerz, K., Garlińska, M., & Osial, M. E. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11030118 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Slater, M., Spanlang, B., & Corominas, D. (2010) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1778765.1778829 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationImmersive Virtual Reality in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
Demeco, A., Zola, L., Frizziero, A., Martini, C., Palumbo, A., Foresti, R., Buccino, G., & Costantino, C. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23031712 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation
Laver, K., George, S., Thomas, S., Deutsch, J. E., & Crotty, M. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008349.pub2 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Public Speaking Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Wallach, H. S., Safir, M. P., & Bar-Zvi, M. (2009) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445509331926 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Neural contributions to flow experience during video game playing
Klasen, M., Weber, R., Kircher, T. T. J., Mathiak, K. A., & Mathiak, K. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr021 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Virtual Crowds: Methods, Simulation, and Control
Pelechano, N., Allbeck, J. M., & Badler, N. I. (2008) · Synthesis lectures on computer graphics and animation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-79242-7 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Questionnaire Measures and Physiological Correlates of Presence: A Systematic Review
Grassini, S., & Laumann, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00349 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Social Interaction With Agents and Avatars in Immersive Virtual Environments: A Survey
Kyrlitsias, C., & Michael‐Grigoriou, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.786665 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Psychological Situations
(2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190263348.001.0001 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Baumgärtner, T. (2008) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.008.2008 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
A New Conception of Spatial Presence: Once Again, with Feeling
Schubert, T. W. (2009) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01340.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Testing the continuum of delusional beliefs: An experimental study using virtual reality.
Freeman, D. H., Pugh, K., Vorontsova, N., Antley, A., & Slater, M. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017514 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationAuthenticity in Virtual Reality for assessment and intervention in autism: A conceptual review
Parsons, S. (2016) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2016.08.001 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Batat, W. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121013 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Orús, C., Ibáñez‐Sánchez, S., & Flavián, C. (2021) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103019 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The Rocketbox Library and the Utility of Freely Available Rigged Avatars
González-Franco, M., Ofek, E., Pan, Y., Antley, A., Steed, A. J., Spanlang, B., Maselli, A., Banakou, D., Pelechano, N., Orts‐Escolano, S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2020.561558 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom intention to action: The role of presence
Riva, G., Waterworth, J. A., Waterworth, E. L., & Mantovani, F. (2009) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.11.002 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Triberti, S., Repetto, C., & Riva, G. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0054 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Tajadura‐Jiménez, A., Basia, M., Deroy, O. D., Fairhurst, M. T., Marquardt, N., & Bianchi‐Berthouze, N. (2015) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702374 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Building autonomous sensitive artificial listeners
Schroder, M., Bevacqua, E., Cowie, R., Eyben, F., Gunes, H., Heylen, D., ter Maat, M., McKeown, G., Pammi, S., Pantic, M., et al. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/t-affc.2011.34 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Virtual Reality as a Medium to Elicit Empathy: A Meta-Analysis
Ventura, S., Badenes‐Ribera, L., Herrero, R., Cebolla, A., Galiana, L., & Baños, R. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0681 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Virtual Reality for Neurorehabilitation and Cognitive Enhancement
Georgiev, D. D., Georgieva, I., Gong, Z., Nanjappan, V., & Georgiev, G. V. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020221 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Blum, J., Rockstroh, C., & Göritz, A. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02172 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Studying and Treating Schizophrenia Using Virtual Reality: A New Paradigm
Freeman, D. H. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn020 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Immersive virtual reality health games: a narrative review of game design
Tao, G., Garrett, B., Taverner, T., Cordingley, E., & Sun, C. (2021) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-020-00801-3 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Immersive virtual reality for science learning: Design, implementation, and evaluation
Matovu, H., Ungu, D. A. K., Won, M., Tsai, C., Treagust, D. F., Mocerino, M., & Tasker, R. (2022) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267.2022.2082680 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Röttl, J., & Terlutter, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200724 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., Llinares, C., & Macagno, E. R. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21062193 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Bystander Responses to a Violent Incident in an Immersive Virtual Environment
Slater, M., Rovira, A., Southern, R. W., Swapp, D., Zhang, J., Campbell, C., & Levine, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052766 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnology acceptance of virtual reality for travel planning
Disztinger, P., Schlögl, S., & Groth, A. (2017) · Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2017 · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51168-9_19 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
de Borst, A. W., & de Gelder, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00576 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
A Study on Immersion and Presence of a Portable Hand Haptic System for Immersive Virtual Reality
Kim, M., Jeon, C., & Kim, J. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17051141 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Diverse approaches to learning with immersive Virtual Reality identified from a systematic review
Won, M., Ungu, D. A. K., Matovu, H., Treagust, D. F., Tsai, C., Park, J., Mocerino, M., & Tasker, R. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104701 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Peripersonal space as the space of the bodily self
Noel, J.-P., Pfeiffer, C., Blanke, O., & Serino, A. (2015) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.07.012 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Understanding perception and action in sport: how can virtual reality technology help?
Craig, C. (2013) · Sports Technology · doi:10.1080/19346182.2013.855224 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Marucci, M., Di Flumeri, G., Borghini, G., Sciaraffa, N., Scandola, M., Pavone, E. F., Babiloni, F., Betti, V., & Aricò, P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84196-8 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Neurociencias (ES)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Slater, Mel
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-04
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 332-339
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W1528045197
- Cited by
- 1,831
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Keywords
- presence, virtual reality, immersive virtual environments, consciousness, perception, embodiment
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Consciousness, Humans, Perception, Photic Stimulation, User-Computer Interface
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
