Cited by 475Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesDigital Mental Health Interventions

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Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia

Emmelkamp, P.M.G, Krijn, M, Hulsbosch, A.M, de Vries, S, Schuemie, M.J, van der Mast, C.A.P.G·2002·Behaviour Research and Therapy

DOI 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00023-7

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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low-budget virtual reality (VR) exposure versus exposure in vivo in a between-group design in 33 patients suffering from acrophobia. The virtual environments used in treatment were exactly copied from the real environments used in the exposure in vivo program. VR exposure was found to be as effective as exposure in vivo on anxiety and avoidance as measured with the Acrophobia Questionnaire (AQ), the Attitude Towards Heights Questionnaire (ATHQ) and the Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT). Results were maintained up to six months follow-up. The present study shows that VR exposure can be effective with relatively cheap hardware and software on stand-alone computers currently on the market. Further studies into the effectiveness of VR exposure are recommended in other clinical groups as agoraphobics and social phobics and studies in which VR exposure is compared with more emerging virtual worlds as presented in CAVE-type systems.

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Authors: Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam (NL)
Delft University of Technology (NL)
Corresponding author: Emmelkamp, P.M.G
ORCID: Emmelkamp, P.M.G
Schuemie, M.J
Venue: Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-05
Volume: 40
Issue: 5
Pages: 509-516
ISSN: 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00023-7
OpenAlex: W2021999691
Cited by: 475
References: 14
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 23.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Keywords: virtual reality exposure therapy, acrophobia, fear of heights, exposure therapy, low-cost virtual reality, anxiety, avoidance behavior, treatment effectiveness, maintenance of treatment effects
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Random Allocation, User-Computer Interface, Treatment Outcome

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Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia

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