Exposure to the stressor environment prevents the temporal dissipation of behavioral depression/learned helplessness
Abstract
Background Exposure to uncontrollable stressors such as inescapable shock (IS) produces a set of behavioral changes such as poor escape learning that have been called behavioral depression and learned helplessness. This paradigm has been proposed to be a model of depression and of anxiety-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the behavioral changes persist for only a few days after the stressor, rendering the phenomenon questionable as a model. However, the original traumatic experience is re-experienced in PTSD and rumination occurs in depression. In a series of experiments we therefore sought to determine whether behavioral depression/learned helplessness could be made to endure by periodically "reminding" the subject of the original IS experience. Methods Rats exposed to IS were tested for escape learning at various times thereafter. In different experiments the subjects were exposed to the environment in which IS had occurred at differing points in the interval between IS and escape testing. Results Exposure to the environment in which IS had occurred prolonged the duration of behavioral depression/learned helplessness, and repeated exposures prolonged it indefinitely. This effect required exposure to the cues that had been present during IS (i.e., reminding) and was not duplicated by exposure to other stressors or stress environments. Conclusions Behavioral depression/learned helplessness can be maintained over time by processes that ma…
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Behavioral sequelae of inescapable shock such as escape deficits and anxiety also persist for just this period of time.
“Importantly, behavioral sequelae of IS such as escape deficits and anxiety also persist for just this period of time”
From Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. (2016) · cites this paper as Maier, 2001
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models of depression
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“Importantly, behavioral sequelae of IS such as escape deficits and anxiety also persist for just this period of time (Maier, 2001).”
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- Authors
- Maier, S. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maier, Steven F
- ORCID
- Maier, Steven F
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-05
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 763-773
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1975875551
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-00314, MH 50479)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- depression-like behavior, learned helplessness, inescapable shock, escape learning, environmental cues, rumination, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression model, anxiety disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Avoidance Learning, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Disease Models, Animal, Environment, Helplessness, Learned, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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