Cited by 116Ginkgo biloba and Cashew ApplicationsImmune Response and InflammationFlavonoids in Medical Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced release of nitric oxide

Wadsworth, Teri L, Koop, Dennis R·2001·Chemico-Biological Interactions

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to laboratory animals and cultured macrophages is known to induce the production of nitric oxide (NO) from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Here we show that pre-treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) suppresses the in vivo production of NO (measured by the Griess reaction) after challenge with LPS. In order to begin to understand the mechanism of this inhibition, we evaluated in vitro effects of EGb 761 and its flavonoid component, quercetin, on LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pre-treatment with EGb 761 or quercetin dose-dependently inhibited NO release. Both substances scavenged NO generated from the decomposition of sodium nitroprusside. Western analysis showed that EGb 761 and quercetin inhibited LPS-induced levels of iNOS protein. Northern blotting demonstrated that EGb 761 and quercetin decreased LPS-induced iNOS mRNA levels without altering the half-life. Activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the redox-sensitive transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) are key events in the signal transduction pathways mediating iNOS induction. In our studies, both EGb 761 and quercetin inhibited p38 MAPK activity, which is necessary for iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, differences in the response of NF-kappaB, AP-1, and Jun N-terminal kinase/stress activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) and its downstream substrates to EGb 761 and quercetin suggest that quercetin is not the sole component responsible for the in vivo inhibition of LPS-induced iNOS activation by EGb 761.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00208-3

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Role of transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase.
Xie, Q. W., Kashiwabara, Y., & Nathan, C. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37600-7 · Cited by 2,212
Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription
Sen, C. K., & Packer, L. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.7.8635688 · Cited by 1,972
Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide.
Nathan, C., & Xie, Q. W. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36703-0 · Cited by 1,669
Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
Xie, Q. W., Whisnant, R., & Nathan, C. F. (1993) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.177.6.1779 · Cited by 1,118
Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene: two upstream regions mediate induction by interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide.
Lowenstein, C. J., Alley, E. W., Raval, P., Snowman, A. M., Snyder, S. H., Russell, S. W., & Murphy, W. J. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9730 · Cited by 1,066
The Nitric Oxide-Scavenging Properties of Ginkgo Biloba Extract EGb 761
Marcocci, L., Maguire, J. J., Droy-Lefaix, M. T., & Packer, L. (1994) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1764 · Cited by 1,053
Is NF-kappaB the sensor of oxidative stress?
Li, N., & Karin, M. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 786
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and p38 Subgroups of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Regulate Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene Expression in Endotoxin-Stimulated Primary Glial Cultures
Bhat, N. R., Zhang, P., Lee, J. C., & Hogan, E. L. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-05-01633.1998 · Cited by 714
Is NF‐κB the sensor of oxidative stress?
Li, N., & Karin, M. (1999) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1137 · Cited by 702
Macrophages and Inflammatory Mediators in Tissue Injury
Laskin, D. L., & Pendino, K. J. (1995) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.003255 · Cited by 618

Show all 62 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Xie, 1994, Role of transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 4705, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37600-7 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Anti-inflammatory Plant Flavonoids and Cellular Action Mechanisms
Kim, H. P., Son, K. H., Chang, H. W., & Kang, S. S. (2004) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.crj04003x · Cited by 1,018
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review
Miguel, M. G. (2010) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules15129252 · Cited by 933
Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents
Serafini, M., Peluso, I., & Raguzzini, A. (2010) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s002966511000162x · Cited by 826
Inflammatory Disease Processes and Interactions with Nutrition
Calder, P. C., Albers, R., Antoine, J., Blum, S., Bourdet‐Sicard, R., Ferns, G. A., Folkerts, G., Friedmann, P. S., Frost, G. S., Guarner, F., et al. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509377867 · Cited by 585
“Quercetin has been shown to affect iNOS expression by inhibiting p38 MAPK and TNF-a from LPS-induced RAW cells by inhibiting jun N-terminal kinase/SAPK and Ap-1 DNA binding((376,377)).”
Background
Fruit polyphenols, immunity and inflammation
González-Gallego, J., García-Mediavilla, M. V., Sánchez-Campos, S., & Tuñón, M. J. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510003910 · Cited by 387
“It has been shown that quercetin inhibits iNOS expression through inhibition of p38 MAPK and blocks AP-1 binding in LPS-induced RAW cells by inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase((60)).”
Background
Polyphenols, intracellular signalling and inflammation.
Santangelo, C., Varı́, R., Scazzocchio, B., Benedetto, R. D., Filesi, C., & Masella, R. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 368
Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract
Ahlemeyer, B., & Krieglstein, J. (2003) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3080-1 · Cited by 368
Quercetin Decreases Oxidative Stress, NF-κB Activation, and iNOS Overexpression in Liver of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Dias, A. S., Porawski, M., Alonso-Chamorro, M., Marroni, N. P., Collado, P. S., & González‐Gallego, J. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.10.2299 · Cited by 322
Effects of Astaxanthin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo
Ohgami, K., Shiratori, K., Kotake, S., Nishida, T., Mizuki, N., Yazawa, K., & Ohno, S. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0822 · Cited by 307
“After exposure to endogenous and exogenous stimulators, iNOS is induced quantitatively in various cells, such as macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and hepatocytes to trigger several disadvantageous cellular responses and cause inflammation.(15) Therefore, NO production induced by iNOS may reflect the degree of inflamm…”
Background
Ginkgo biloba extracts and cancer: a research area in its infancy
DeFeudis, F. V., Papadopoulos, V., & Drieu, K. (2003) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00156.x · Cited by 231
Effects of fucoxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo
Shiratori, K., Ohgami, K., Ilieva, I. B., Jin, X.-H., Koyama, Y., Miyashita, K., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., & Ohno, S. (2005) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.002 · Cited by 218
Anthocyanins: Antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory activities
Miguel, M. G. (2011) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 217
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extract suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and prevents lipid oxidation in vitro
Hu, C., & Kitts, D. D. (2005) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.012 · Cited by 202
“Similar inhibitory activities have been reported with other standardized phenolicrich food (Hu et al., 2003) and herbal extracts, such as Ginkgo biloba extract (Wadsworth and Koop, 2001).”
Background
Anti-inflammatory properties of dietary flavonoids.
González‐Gallego, J., Sánchez‐Campos, S., & Tuñón, M. J. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 200
Luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from dandelion flower suppress iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells
Hu, C., & Kitts, D. D. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/b:mcbi.0000044364.73144.fe · Cited by 187
“Plant extracts, rich in flavonoids (such as Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761) also suppress the expression of iNOS and the COX-2 protein [28].”
Background
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Five Selected Herbs
Mei-Lin, T. S. A. I., Lin, C., Lin, W., & Yang, C. (2011) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.110377 · Cited by 180
Inhibitory effect of naringin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxin shock in mice and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages
Kanno, S., Shouji, A., Tomizawa, A., Hiura, T., Osanai, Y., Ujibe, M., Obara, Y., Nakahata, N., & Ishikawa, M. (2005) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.051 · Cited by 163
Ginkgo bilobaExtract Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, Transcription Factor Activation, and Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells
Chen, J., Chen, Y., Lin, F.-Y., Chen, Y., & Lin, S. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000089012.73180.63 · Cited by 140
Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibitory Effect on Nitric Oxide Production of Some Common Vegetables
Bor, J.-Y., Chen, H.-Y., & Yen, G. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0527448 · Cited by 135
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Aronia Extract on Rat Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis
Ohgami, K., Ilieva, I. B., Shiratori, K., Koyama, Y., Jin, X.-H., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., Kitaichi, N., Suzuki, Y., Tanaka, T., et al. (2004) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0715 · Cited by 136
“endogenous and exogenous stimulators, iNOS is induced quantitatively in various cells, such as macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and hepatocytes, and triggers several disadvantageous cellular responses that can cause inflammation and stroke.(26) The level of NO production induced by iNOS may reflect the degree of infl…”
Background
Ginkgo biloba Extract in Vascular Protection: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
Tian, J., Liu, Y., & Chen, K. (2017) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161115666170713095545 · Cited by 133
Effects of Quercetin on Liver Damage in Rats with Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Cirrhosis
Pavanato, A., Tuñón, M. J., Sánchez‐Campos, S., Marroni, C. A., Llesuy, S., González‐Gallego, J., & Marroni, N. P. (2003) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1022869716643 · Cited by 133
“This compound has been reported to scavenge superoxide in ischemia–reperfusion injury (6); to protect against oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet light (7), spontaneous hypertension (8), and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (9); and to inhibit angiogenesis (10) and carcinogenesis (11).”
Background
The effects of dietary flavonoids on the regulation of redox inflammatory networks
Izzi, V. (2012) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/4061 · Cited by 137
Activation of Autoimmunity Following Use of Immunostimulatory Herbal Supplements
Lee, A. N., & Werth, V. P. (2004) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.140.6.723 · Cited by 123
Heat Shock Protein 70 Is a Potential Virulence Factor in Murine Toxoplasma Infection Via Immunomodulation of Host NF-κB and Nitric Oxide
Dobbin, C. A., Smith, N. C., & Johnson, A. M. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.958 · Cited by 119
Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf mediated immune activation causes prophylactic growth inhibition of murine Ehrlich carcinoma and B16 melanoma
Baral, R., & Chattopadhyay, U. (2003) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2003.09.006 · Cited by 105
Phenolic compounds as antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer agents and improvement of their bioavailability by liposomes
Tatipamula, V. B., & Kukavica, B. M. (2021) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.3667 · Cited by 101
Effective Separation of Potent Antiproliferation and Antiadhesion Components from Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) Fruits
Schmidt, B. M., Howell, A. B., McEniry, B., Knight, C. T. G., Seigler, D. S., Erdman, J. W., & Lila, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf049238n · Cited by 96
Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Essential Oils of Two Mint Species
Ml, T., Wu, C., Lin, T., Lin, W., Huang, Y., & Yang, C. (2013) · Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.4314/tjpr.v12i4.20 · Cited by 95
“The absorbance was determined at 540 nm [12], and NO radical scavenging activity (NO) was obtained as in Eq 3 NO (%) = {(Ab- As)/Ab}100 .”
Method
Quercetin prevents oxidative stress and NF-κB activation in gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats
Moreira, A. J., Fraga, C., Alonso-Chamorro, M., Collado, P. S., Zetller, C., Marroni, C. A., Marroni, N. P., & González‐Gallego, J. (2004) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.07.016 · Cited by 93
Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 has anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorates colitis in mice by driving effector T cell apoptosis
Kotakadi, V. S., Yu, J. H., Hofseth, A. B., Ying, L., Cui, X., Volate, S. R., Chumanevich, A. A., Wood, P. A., Price, R. L., McNeal, A., et al. (2008) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn143 · Cited by 94
“Mechanistically, we show that EGb 761 can suppress the activation of macrophages (Figure 1). Consistent with this, others have shown EGb 761 to decrease the expression of iNOS, release of nitric oxide, as well as inhibit other markers of inflammation such as Cox-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (11,33, 34 ).”
Result
Nrf-2 mediated heme oxygenase-1 expression, an antioxidant-independent mechanism, contributes to anti-atherogenesis and vascular protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract
Chen, J.-S., Huang, P., Wang, C., Lin, F., Tsai, H., Wu, T.-C., Lin, S., & Chen, J. (2010) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.010 · Cited by 91
Britanin suppresses LPS-induced nitric oxide, PGE2 and cytokine production via NF-κB and MAPK inactivation in RAW 264.7 cells
Park, H.-H., Kim, M. J., Li, Y., Park, Y. N., Lee, J., Lee, Y. J., Kim, S.-G., Park, H., Son, J. K., Chang, H. W., et al. (2012) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2012.12.005 · Cited by 85
Preventive Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBB) on the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expressions of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 via Suppression of Nuclear Factor-.KAPPA.B in RAW 264.7 Cells
Park, Y.-M., Won, J., Yun, K., Ryu, J.-H., Han, Y.-N., Choi, S.-K., & Lee, K. (2006) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.29.985 · Cited by 83
The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo
Ilieva, I. B., Ohgami, K., Shiratori, K., Koyama, Y., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., Kitamei, H., Takemoto, Y., Yazawa, K., & Ohno, S. (2004) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2004.03.009 · Cited by 83
Nitric oxide as a target of complementary and alternative medicines to prevent and treat inflammation and cancer.
Hofseth, L. (2008) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.024 · Cited by 80
Natural Compounds and Plant Extracts as Therapeutics Against Chronic Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease – A Translational Perspective
Apetz, N., Münch, G. W., Govindaraghavan, S., & Gyengési, E. (2014) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527313666140917110635 · Cited by 73
“7 macrophages and C57BL/6 mice by inhibiting LPS-induced rises in iNOS levels [168].”
Background
Hormonal regulation of pro-inflammatory and lipid peroxidation processes in liver of old ovariectomized female rats
Kireev, R. A., Tresguerres, A. C. F., Garcı́a, C., Borrás, C., Ariznavarreta, C., Vara, E., Viña, J., & Tresguerres, J. A. F. (2009) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-009-9242-2 · Cited by 65
“So, quercetin reduced iNOS expression by inhibiting p38 MAPK ( Wadsworth and Koop 2001 ) and blocked TNF-a-induction from LPS-induced RAW cells by suppressing JNK/SAPK, leading to the reduction of AP-1-DNA binding (Wadsworth et al. 2001).”
Background
Ginkgo biloba inhibits bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats
Iraz, M., Erdoğan, H., Kotuk, M., Yağmurca, M., Kılıç, T., Ermiş, H., Fadıllıoğlu, E., & Yıldırım, Z. (2006) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.12.009 · Cited by 61
Nitric oxide production, inhibitory, antioxidant and antimycobacterial activities of the fruits extract and flavonoid content of Schinus terebinthifolius
Bernardes, N. R., de Araújo, M. H., Borges, I. F. J. C., Almeida, F. M., Amaral, E. P., Lasunskaia, E., Muzitano, M. F., & de Oliveira, D. B. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2014.10.012 · Cited by 55
“The physiological NO production is extremely important to defend the body; however, its overproduction and metabolites have been implicated in the development of pathologies, such as bacterial septic shock and chronic inflammation (Wadsworth and Koop, 2001).”
Background
Protective Role of Quercetin on PCBs-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Hippocampus of Adult Rats
Selvakumar, K., Bavithra, S., Suganthi, M., Selvanesan, B. C., Perumal, E., Arunkumar, R., Krishnamoorthy, G., Venkataraman, P., & Arunakaran, J. (2011) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-011-0661-5 · Cited by 56
Anti-inflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neuronal injury
Kaur, S., Sharma, N., & Nehru, B. (2017) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-017-0396-2 · Cited by 54
Antioxidant capacity in Ginkgo biloba
Goh, L. M. L., & Barlow, P. J. (2002) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/s0963-9969(02)00084-4 · Cited by 54
Protective Effect of Quercetin in LPS-Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury Mediated by cAMP-Epac Pathway
Wang, X., Song, S., Li, Y., Hu, Z., Zhang, Z., Yan, C., Li, Z.-G., & Tang, H. (2018) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-018-0761-3 · Cited by 51
“7 [27], BV2 [28], and rat peritoneal macrophages [29].”
Hepatoprotective activity of quercetin against acrylonitrile‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Abo‐Salem, O. M., Abd‐Ellah, M. F., & Ghonaim, M. (2011) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.20406 · Cited by 51
Protective effect of 1,2,4-benzenetriol on LPS-induced NO production by BV2 microglial cells
Hou, R. C., Chen, Y.-S., Chen, C., Chen, Y.-H., & Jeng, K.-C. G. (2005) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1007/s11373-005-9039-5 · Cited by 51
“Thus, the mechanism of inhibition of LPS-induced iNOS expression by BT might be similar to sesamol and other polyphenol antioxidants that selectively inhibit p38 MAPK [20, 34].”
Background
Natural compounds: evidence for a protective role in eye disease
Ritch, R. H. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.3129/can.j.ophthalmol.i07-044 · Cited by 46
Protective effects ofGinkgo bilobaL. against natural toxins, chemical toxicities, and radiation: A comprehensive review
Omidkhoda, S. F., Razavi, B. M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2019) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.6469 · Cited by 47
“Based on all these studies, totally, GB possesses notable antiinflammatory influences, which are at the transcriptional level and via NF ‐ κ B/AP ‐ 1, MAPKs, COX ‐ 2/PGE2, and iNOS/NO pathways (Ilieva et al., 2004; Jang et al., 2012; Park et al., 2006; Ryu et al., 2012; Wadsworth & Koop, 2001; Wadsworth, McDonald, & K…”
Influential
Homocysteine stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages: Antagonizing effect of ginkgolides and bilobalide
Woo, C. W., Cheung, F., Chan, V. W. H., Siow, Y. L., & Karmin, O. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1021601512058 · Cited by 45
“While the present study focused on the antagonizing effect of EGb and its terpenoids on homocysteine-induced iNOS expression, the other components in EGb such as quercetin (flavonoid) were also shown to have free radical scavenging properties [48].”
Background
Can Compounds of Natural Origin Be Important in Chemoprevention? Anticancer Properties of Quercetin, Resveratrol, and Curcumin—A Comprehensive Review
Cecerska‐Heryć, E., Wiśniewska, Z., Serwin, N. M., Polikowska, A., Goszka, M., Engwert, W., Michałów, J., Pękała, M., Budkowska, M., Michalczyk, A., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25084505 · Cited by 48
“Lymphoma [169] In vitro LPS Reduction of ROS and NO Leukemia [172] In vivo Testosterone, MNU Reduction of lipid peroxidation Prostate cancer [179] In vitro – Reduction of lipid peroxidation (effect combined with selenium) Endometrial cancer [181] In vitro TNF [181], ethanol [183] Inhibition of ROS…”
Background
Chlorella dichloromethane extract ameliorates NO production and iNOS expression through the down-regulation of NFκB activity mediated by suppressed oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages
Park, J., Cho, H.-Y., Kim, J.-K., Noh, K., Yang, J.-R., Ahn, J.-M., Lee, M.-O., & Song, Y. (2004) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.09.013 · Cited by 43
Quercetin decreases steroidogenic enzyme activity, NF-κB expression, and oxidative stress in cultured Leydig cells exposed to atrazine
Abarikwu, S. O., Pant, A. B., & Farombi, E. O. (2012) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-012-1471-z · Cited by 41
Antibacterial Activities ofGinkgo bilobaL. Leaf Extracts
Sati, S. C., & Joshi, S. (2011) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2011/545421 · Cited by 41
“Research Article TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 2237–2242 ISSN 1537-744X; doi:10.1100/2011/545421 Antibacterial Activities of Ginkgo biloba”
BackgroundInfluential
Ginkgo biloba extract reduces high-glucose-induced endothelial reactive oxygen species generation and cell adhesion molecule expression by enhancing HO-1 expression via Akt/eNOS and p38 MAP kinase pathways
Tsai, H., Huang, P., Lin, F., Chen, J.-S., Lin, S., & Chen, J. (2013) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2013.01.002 · Cited by 40
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Dietary Flavonoids
González‐Gallego, J., García‐Mediavilla, M. V., Sánchez‐Campos, S., & Tuñón, M. J. (2013) · Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398456-2.00032-3 · Cited by 39
Proximate Composition, Polyphenol Content and Anti-inflammatory Properties of White and Pigmented Italian Rice Varieties
Petroni, K., Landoni, M., Tomay, F., Calvenzani, V., Simonelli, C., & Cormegna, M. (2017) · Universal Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.13189/ujar.2017.050509 · Cited by 36
“Similar findings of a flavonoid rich-extract reducing the expression of iNOS protein and corresponding transcript have been reported with extracts from black rice bran fraction or Ginko biloba in vitro [30, 31].”
Result
Ginkgolide A, B, and huperzine A inhibit nitric oxide-induced neurotoxicity
Zhao, H., & Li, X. (2002) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00093-0 · Cited by 36
Ginkgo biloba Extract Attenuates Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Park, H. J., Lee, H. G., Kim, Y. S., Lee, J. Y., Jeon, J. P., Park, C., & Moon, D. E. (2012) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318262e170 · Cited by 35
Bilobalide, a unique constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits inflammatory pain in rats
Goldie, M., & Dolan, S. (2013) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32836360ab · Cited by 35
“…prostaglandin E2 (Ilieva et al., 2004), tumour necrosis factor-a (Wadsworth et al., 2001a; Ilieva et al., 2004) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (Wadsworth and Koop, 2001b; Ilieva et al., 2004); however, bilobalide has a lesser effect, although one study has shown a decrease in inducible nitric…”
Background
Complementary therapy for the treatment of glaucoma: a perspective.
Ritch, R. H. (2005) · PubMed · doi:10.1016/j.ohc.2005.07.004 · Cited by 35
“[144] Wadsworth TL, Koop D.”
Background
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on gene expression: Possible relevance to neurological disorders and age‐associated cognitive impairment
DeFeudis, F. V. (2002) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.10151 · Cited by 35
Pharmacokinetic, Metabolism, and Metabolomic Strategies Provide Deep Insight Into the Underlying Mechanism of Ginkgo biloba Flavonoids in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Tao, Y., Zhu, F., Pan, M., Liu, Q., & Wang, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.857370 · Cited by 34
Down-regulation of NF-κB signalling by polyphenolic compounds prevents endotoxin-induced liver injury in a rat model
Bharrhan, S., Chopra, K., Arora, S. K., Toor, J. S., & Rishi, P. (2011) · Innate Immunity · doi:10.1177/1753425910393369 · Cited by 34
Anti-inflammatory medicinal plants and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activities
Nworu, C. S., & Akah, P. A. (2015) · African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines · doi:10.4314/ajtcam.v12i6.3s · Cited by 32
The Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rats
Shiratori, K., Ohgami, K., Ilieva, I. B., Jin, X.-H., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., & Ohno, S. (2005) · Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/jop.2005.21.298 · Cited by 32
Modulation of inflammation-related genes of polysaccharides fractionated from mycelia of medicinal basidiomycete Antrodia camphorata
Wu, Y.-Y., Chen, C.-C., Chyau, C., Chung, S., & Liu, Y.-W. (2007) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00500.x · Cited by 33
Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 in LPS-Activated BV2 Microglial Cells
Sun, L., Apweiler, M., Tirkey, A., Klett, D., Normann, C., Dietz, G. P. H., Lehner, M. D., & Fiebich, B. L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158108 · Cited by 30
“Furthermore, EGb 761 decreases iNOS expression partially mediated via the suppression of p38 MAPK, which is essential for iNOS expression [46].”
BackgroundInfluential
Potentialities of Ginkgo extract on toxicants, toxins, and radiation: a critical review
Boateng, I. D. (2022) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d2fo01298g · Cited by 27
Therapeutic Versus Preventative Use of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice
Abd-Eldayem, A. M., Alnasser, S. M., Abd‐Elhafeez, H. H., Soliman, S. A., & Abdel‐Emam, R. A. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27175598 · Cited by 27
“Thus, the inhibition of NF-κB subsequently inhibits the gene transcription of IL-6, TNF-α, and other inflammatory cytokines [73].”
Background
Antiapoptotic Effects of EGb 761
Serrano‐García, N., Pedraza‐Chaverrí, J., Mares-Sámano, J. J., Orozco‐Ibarra, M., Cruz-Salgado, A., Jiménez‐Anguiano, A., Sotelo, J., & Trejo‐Solís, C. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/495703 · Cited by 30
Oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb‐761 inhibits thermal hyperalgesia in rodent models of inflammatory and post‐surgical pain
Biddlestone, L., Corbett, A. D., & Dolan, S. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707220 · Cited by 27
“The mechanism of action of Ginkgo biloba extracts have not been fully determined but there is considerable evidence to show that they block induction of iNOS and release of NO in in vitro and in vivo models (Wadsworth and Koop, 2001a, b; Ilieva et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Inhibitory Action of Quercetin on Eosinophil ActivationIn Vitro
Sakai, M., & Asano, K. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/127105 · Cited by 26
A novel antioxidant, octyl caffeate, suppression of LPS/IFN-γ-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells
Hsiao, G., Shen, M., Chang, W., Cheng, Y., Pan, S., Kuo, Y., Chen, T., & Sheu, J. (2003) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00070-4 · Cited by 24
Modulation of Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance by Quercetin In Vitro
Tanaka, Y., Furuta, A., Asano, K., & Kobayashi, H. (2020) · Medicines · doi:10.3390/medicines7080046 · Cited by 23
“After oral administration of quercetin at 1200 mg, which is a standard recommended dosage, plasma levels of quercetin gradually increase and peak at 12 μM [22,23], which is a much higher level than that which caused modulation of cytokine production by CD4+ T cells after IL-4 stimulation in vitro in this study.”
Background
Inhibition of nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells by synthetic flavones: Structure-activity relationship and action mechanism
Kim, S. J., Park, H., & Kim, H. P. (2004) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/bf02975847 · Cited by 23
Cedrela sinensis Leaves Suppress Oxidative Stress and Expressions of iNOS and COX-2 via MAPK Signaling Pathways in RAW 264.7 Cells
Bak, M.-J., Jeong, J.-H., Kang, H.-S., Jin, K.-S., Ok, S., & Jeong, W. (2009) · Preventive Nutrition and Food Science · doi:10.3746/jfn.2009.14.4.269 · Cited by 22
Quercetin Enhances the Thioredoxin Production of Nasal Epithelial Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
Edo, Y., Otaki, A., & Asano, K. (2018) · Medicines · doi:10.3390/medicines5040124 · Cited by 22
“Although there is no standard recommended dosage of quercetin, a dose of 1200 to 1500 mg per day is commonly used [26] as a supplement.”
Background
Ginkgo biloba extract suppresses endotoxin-mediated monocyte activation by inhibiting nitric oxide- and tristetraprolin-mediated toll-like receptor 4 expression
Lee, Y., Lin, J., Chang, C., Chen, Y., Liu, P., Lee, A.-W., Tsai, J.-C., Li, C., Tsai, C., Chen, T.-L., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.03.002 · Cited by 21
Polyphenols Suppress and Modulate Inflammation
Kim, J., Lee, K. W., & Lee, H. J. (2013) · Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398456-2.00029-3 · Cited by 22
Optimization of multi-stage countercurrent extraction of antioxidants from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves
Yu, C.-H., Chen, J., Yao-kang, X., Li, X.-X., Dai, X., & Shi, C. (2011) · Food and Bioproducts Processing · doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2011.05.003 · Cited by 19
Central and Local Administration of Gingko Biloba Extract EGb 761® Inhibits Thermal Hyperalgesia and Inflammation in the Rat Carrageenan Model
Biddlestone, L., Goldie, M., & Dolan, S. (2011) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3182117440 · Cited by 19
Effect of Pinus massoniana bark extract on IFN-γ-induced ICAM-1 expression in HaCaT human keratinocytes
Chun-lian, W., Feng, D., Ma, H., Xie, H., Wang, H., & Wang, J. (2008) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.024 · Cited by 17
Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on the nonspecific and humoral immune responses in a hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation model
Villaseñor-Garcı́a, M. M., Lozoya, X., Osuna, L., Paredes, J. M. V., Sandoval-Ramı́rez, L., & Puebla‐Pérez, A. M. (2004) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.05.014 · Cited by 17
Quercetin modulates iNOS, eNOS and NOSTRIN expressions and attenuates oxidative stress in warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats
Abd-Elbaset, M., Arafa, E. A., Sherbiny, G. A. E., Abdel‐Bakky, M. S., & Elgendy, A. N. A. M. (2015) · Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.07.001 · Cited by 15
A bibliometric and thematic analysis of the trends in the research on ginkgo biloba extract from 1985 to 2022
Ji, H., Zhou, X.-H., Wu, H., Liu, H., & Zhang, G. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21214 · Cited by 14
“…of flavonoid kaempferol found in GBE in the early stage in the top 20 most frequent keywords, which shows that GBE was considered a potential anti-inflammatory agent, inhibit nitric oxide production under tissue-damaging inflammatory conditions from the initial stages of research [50,51] (Fig.”
Background
Protective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Pumpkin Seed Oil Against Neurotoxicity of Rotenone in Adult Male Rats
Ahmed, H. H., Abdel-Rahman, M., Ali, R. S., & Moniem, A. E. A. (2009) · The Journal of applied sciences research · Cited by 14
Systemic and topical Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (Egb-761) ameliorated rat paw inflammation in comparison to dexamethasone
Abdel‐Emam, R. A., & Abd-Eldayem, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114619 · Cited by 13
Dietary Flavonoid Quercetin Supplement Promotes Antiviral Innate Responses Against Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection by Reshaping the Bacteriome and Host Metabolome in Mice
Li, T., Zhu, J., Yu, Q., Zhu, Y., Wu, C., Xing, Z., Chen, N., Pei, P., Yang, K. G., Wang, K., et al. (2024) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202300898 · Cited by 13
Polyphenols, Promising Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases?
Menaa, F., Badole, S. L., Menaa, B., Menaa, A., & Bodhankar, S. L. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397156-2.00031-4 · Cited by 10
New insights on effects of a dietary supplement on oxidative and nitrosative stress in humans
Nemzer, B. V., Fink, N., & Fink, B. (2014) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.178 · Cited by 10
Quercetin-Induced Enhancement of Nasal Epithelial Cells’ Ability to Produce Clara Cell 10-kD Protein In Vitro and In Vivo
Otaki, A., Furuta, A., & Asano, K. (2023) · Medicines · doi:10.3390/medicines10040028 · Cited by 8
“Although there is no standard recommended dose of quercetin, 1200 mg to 1500 mg per day is used as a dietary supplement [27], leading to plasma concentration levels up to 12 μM [26], which is much higher than the levels inducing the augmentation of quercetin on CC10 production in vitro.”
Background
EGb761 Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain by Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species
Yu, X., Chen, C., Ke, Q., Tang, H., Hou, J., & Wei, F. (2015) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000430769 · Cited by 8
Suppressive activity of fexofenadine hydrochloride on nitric oxide production in-vitro and in-vivo
Asano, K., Kanai, K., Furuta, A., Furuya, A., Suzaki, H., & Hisamitsu, T. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/jpp.59.10.0009 · Cited by 7
“Experimental evidence clearly show that administration of LPS to laboratory animals increases the activity of iNOS in cells and tissues, including macrophages and lung tissue, to produce NO (Wadsworth & Koop 2001).”
Formulation and Evaluation of the sea cucumber, Holothuria arenicola extract incorporated skin cream
Mohamed, A. S., Fahmy, S. R., & El‐Sayed, A. A. A. (2020) · GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.2.0379 · Cited by 6
“The overproduction and metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in the development of pathologies although it is extremely important to defend the body [25].”
Background
Neuroprotective mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba against oxidative stress
Cheung, H. M., & Yew, D. T. W. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817780-8.00018-9 · Cited by 5
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of the Phyto-Constituents and the Assessment of the Anti-Microbial Properties of the Leave Extracts of Nigeria-Grown Gingko biloba
Ubaoji, K. I., Nwosu, O. K., Agu, K. C., Nwozor, K. O., Ifedilichukwu, N. H., & Okaka, A. (2020) · Journal of Scientific Research in Medical and Biological Sciences · doi:10.47631/jsrmbs.v1i2.57 · Cited by 5
“The leaves of Ginkgo biloba tree have attracted attention as agents for improving circulation, particularly cerebral circulation which may lead to improved mental functions (Wadsworth & Koop, 2001).”
Background
Effect of Phellinus igniarius Quel Extract on the Anti-inflammatory, Anti allergy, Anti-oxidant, Anti-wrinkle reaction
Yun, W.-S., Jung, H.-A., & Roh, S. (2010) · The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology · Cited by 5
Alternative and Non-traditional Treatments of Glaucoma
Zelefsky, J. R., & Ritch, R. H. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76700-0_56 · Cited by 4
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Neuroprotective Action of Phytochemicals
Sunkaria, A., Yadav, A., Sharma, S. K., & Sandhir, R. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119155195.ch27 · Cited by 4
Effects of Indole-3-Carbinol and Flavonoids Administered Separately and in Combination on Nitric Oxide Production and iNOS Expression in Rats
Rostoka, E., Baumane, L., Isajevs, S., Linē, A., Siliņa, K., Dzintare, M., Svirina, D., Sharipova, J., Kalvinsh, I., & Sjakste, N. (2010) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.4236/cm.2010.11002 · Cited by 3

Ginkgo biloba extract (egb 761): inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in the macrophage cell line raw 264.7
Kobuchi, H., Droy-Lefaix, M. T., Christen, Y., & Packer, L. (1997) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00873-8 · Cited by 154
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling pathways involved in the release of tumor necrosis factor-α 1 1Abbreviations: EGb 761, Ginkgo biloba extract; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ROIs, reactive oxygen intermediates; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; COX, cyclooxygenase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TLR, Toll-like receptor; LBP, lipid binding protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; IKK, IκB kinase; AP-1, activator protein 1; ATF, activating transcription factor; CRE, cyclic AMP response element; CREB, cyclic AMP binding protein; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; ARE, AU-rich element; -UTR, untranslated region; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-related kinase; MEKK, MAPK/ERK kinase kinase; MEK, MAPK/ERK kinase; JNK/SAPK, Jun N terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay; DTT, dithiothreitol; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; and ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence.
Wadsworth, T. L., McDonald, T. L., & Koop, D. R. (2001) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00734-1 · Cited by 147
Preventive Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBB) on the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expressions of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 via Suppression of Nuclear Factor-.KAPPA.B in RAW 264.7 Cells
Park, Y.-M., Won, J., Yun, K., Ryu, J.-H., Han, Y.-N., Choi, S.-K., & Lee, K. (2006) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.29.985 · Cited by 83
The inhibitory action of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells
Mu, M. M., Chakravortty, D., Sugiyama, T., Koide, N., Takahashi, K., Mori, I., Yoshida, T., & Yokochi, T. (2001) · Journal of Endotoxin Research · doi:10.1177/09680519010070060601 · Cited by 99
Immunomodulation of Inflammatory Markers in Activated Macrophages by Leaf Extracts of Gingko Biloba
Mir, M. A., & Al-Baradie, R. S. (2015) · Advances in Neuroimmune Biology · doi:10.3233/nib-150103 · Cited by 13

See all

Authors: Wadsworth, T. L., & Koop, D. R.
Affiliations: Oregon Health & Science University (US)
Corresponding author: Koop, Dennis R
Venue: Chemico-Biological Interactions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-07
Volume: 137
Issue: 1
Pages: 43-58
ISSN: 0009-2797 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00208-3
OpenAlex: W2035027020
Cited by: 116
References: 62
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 19.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Chemico-Biological Interactions (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA 08608)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Ginkgo biloba and Cashew Applications
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Flavonoids in Medical Research
Keywords: Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, quercetin, lipopolysaccharide, nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, macrophages, RAW 264.7 macrophages, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, AP-1, SAPK/JNK, flavonoids, anti-inflammatory activity, signal transduction
MeSH terms: Ginkgo Extract, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enzyme Inhibitors, Imidazoles, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nitric Oxide, Nitroprusside, Plant Extracts, Pyridines, Quercetin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Free Radical Scavengers, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Nitric Oxide Donors, Ginkgo biloba, Mice, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced release of nitric oxide

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks