The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mechanisms that explain the contraceptive action of progestin implants for women
Abstract
Four different contraceptive implants for women, in the form of capsules or covered rods, that release either one of the synthetic progestins levonorgestrel, etonogestrel, Nestorone, or Elcometrine and nomegestrol acetate were considered. These progestins act by binding to their receptors located in diverse target cells, which are distributed along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-genital tract axis. These implants differ in the extent to which each one interferes with various steps of the reproductive process and in the intensity with which each one affects the same process along its effective life, but they have in common the ability to interfere with several key processes required for gamete encounter and fertilization. The steps they interfere with most are the ovulatory process, through partial or complete inhibition of the gonadotropin surge, and by changing the quality of cervical mucus; they restrict or suppress the access of fertile spermatozoa to the site of fertilization. Changes in endometrial development also occur, but this contribution to the contraceptive action is difficult to determine at the present time.
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In the citing paper
“From a biological perspective, we know that progesterone-only hormonal birth control methods do induce contraceptive states [35]”
From A Survey of Mathematical Modeling of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: The pharmacodynamics and efficacy of Implanon®
Croxatto, H. B., & Mäkäräinen, L. (1998) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00118-8 · Cited by 188
Self-citationRetractedThe Physiology of Reproduction
Legendre, M., & Jalabert, B. (1988) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-2-176_1 · Cited by 7,876
Lamb, D. J. (2000) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2000.tb03272.x · Cited by 2,081
(1971) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-75-4-654_2 · Cited by 720
Reproductive endocrinology, surgery, and technology
Adashi, E. Y., Rock, J. A., & Rosenwaks, Z. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 504
Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery and Technology
Thompson, I. E. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540400080045 · Cited by 433
Long-Acting Contraceptive Delivery Systems
Zatuchni, G. I. (1985) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/1965589 · Cited by 280
Regulation of Mammalian Oocyte Maturation
Eppig, J. J., Viveiros, M. M., Bivens, C. L. M., & Fuente, R. D. L. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012444562-8/50008-2 · Cited by 173
Brache, V., Faúndes, A., Johansson, E. D. B., & Alvarez, F. (1985) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(85)90096-4 · Cited by 115
A New Quantitative Test for Sperm Penetration into Cervical Mucus
Katz, D. F., Overstreet, J. W., & Hanson, F. W. (1980) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44539-5 · Cited by 97
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices
(2017) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002400 · Cited by 213
Glasier, A. F. (2002) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00284-0 · Cited by 117
Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives
Espey, E. L., & Ogburn, T. (2011) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31820ce2f0 · Cited by 109
Postcoital treatment with levonorgestrel does not disrupt postfertilization events in the rat
Müller, A., Llados, C., & Croxatto, H. B. (2003) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00021-0 · Cited by 101
Self-citationProgesterone: Review of safety for clinical studies.
Goletiani, N. V., Keith, D. R., & Gorsky, S. J. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.427 · Cited by 90
Metadata
- Authors
- Croxatto, H. B.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva (CL)
- Corresponding author
- Croxatto, Horacio B.
- Venue
- Contraception
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-27
- ISSN
- 0010-7824 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044424478
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Contraception (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- contraceptive implants, progestins, levonorgestrel, etonogestrel, norethisterone, norethisterone acetate, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, ovulation inhibition, luteinizing hormone surge, cervical mucus, sperm transport, endometrium, female contraception
- MeSH terms
- Cervix Mucus, Contraceptive Devices, Female, Drug Implants, Endometrium, Female, Humans, Ovary, Progesterone Congeners
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