The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mechanisms that explain the contraceptive action of progestin implants for women
Abstract
Four different contraceptive implants for women, in the form of capsules or covered rods, that release either one of the synthetic progestins levonorgestrel, etonogestrel, Nestorone, or Elcometrine and nomegestrol acetate were considered. These progestins act by binding to their receptors located in diverse target cells, which are distributed along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-genital tract axis. These implants differ in the extent to which each one interferes with various steps of the reproductive process and in the intensity with which each one affects the same process along its effective life, but they have in common the ability to interfere with several key processes required for gamete encounter and fertilization. The steps they interfere with most are the ovulatory process, through partial or complete inhibition of the gonadotropin surge, and by changing the quality of cervical mucus; they restrict or suppress the access of fertile spermatozoa to the site of fertilization. Changes in endometrial development also occur, but this contribution to the contraceptive action is difficult to determine at the present time.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“From a biological perspective, we know that progesterone-only hormonal birth control methods do induce contraceptive states [35]”
From A Survey of Mathematical Modeling of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: The pharmacodynamics and efficacy of Implanon®
Croxatto, H. B., & Mäkäräinen, L. (1998) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00118-8 · Cited by 188
Self-citationRetractedThe Physiology of Reproduction
Legendre, M., & Jalabert, B. (1988) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-2-176_1 · Cited by 7,876
Lamb, D. J. (2000) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2000.tb03272.x · Cited by 2,081
(1971) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-75-4-654_2 · Cited by 720
Reproductive endocrinology, surgery, and technology
Adashi, E. Y., Rock, J. A., & Rosenwaks, Z. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 504
Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery and Technology
Thompson, I. E. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540400080045 · Cited by 433
Long-Acting Contraceptive Delivery Systems
Zatuchni, G. I. (1985) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/1965589 · Cited by 280
Regulation of Mammalian Oocyte Maturation
Eppig, J. J., Viveiros, M. M., Bivens, C. L. M., & Fuente, R. D. L. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012444562-8/50008-2 · Cited by 173
Brache, V., Faúndes, A., Johansson, E. D. B., & Alvarez, F. (1985) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(85)90096-4 · Cited by 115
A New Quantitative Test for Sperm Penetration into Cervical Mucus
Katz, D. F., Overstreet, J. W., & Hanson, F. W. (1980) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44539-5 · Cited by 97
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices
(2017) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002400 · Cited by 213
Glasier, A. F. (2002) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00284-0 · Cited by 117
Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives
Espey, E. L., & Ogburn, T. (2011) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31820ce2f0 · Cited by 109
Postcoital treatment with levonorgestrel does not disrupt postfertilization events in the rat
Müller, A., Llados, C., & Croxatto, H. B. (2003) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00021-0 · Cited by 101
Self-citationProgesterone: Review of safety for clinical studies.
Goletiani, N. V., Keith, D. R., & Gorsky, S. J. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.427 · Cited by 90
Long-Acting Methods of Contraception
Peterson, H. B., & Curtis, K. M. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp044148 · Cited by 79
Modesto, W., Bahamondes, M. V., & Bahamondes, L. G. (2014) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu089 · Cited by 78
Nexplanon: the new implant for long-term contraception. A comprehensive descriptive review
Palomba, S., Falbo, A. I., Cello, A. D., Materazzo, C., & Zullo, F. (2012) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2011.652247 · Cited by 72
“8% of cases when compared to baseline data [12].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHohmann, H. L., & Creinin, M. D. (2007) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0b013e318159c2f6 · Cited by 71
“ENG levels decrease slightly to a mean serum concentration of 196 pg/mL at 1 year of use(15,18,20) and 156 pg/mL by 3 years.(14,15) After removal, serum levels are undetectable (less than 20 pg/mL) by 1 week in the majority of users, with most women demonstrating ovulation within 6 weeks of implant removal.”
BackgroundInfluentialPelican, K. M., Brown, J. L., Wildt, D. E., Ottinger, M. A., & Howard, J. (2005) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.04.014 · Cited by 67
Bahamondes, L., Monteiro-Dantas, C., Espejo-Arce, X., dos Santos Fernandes, A. M., Lui-Filho, J. F., Perrotti, M., & Petta, C. A. (2006) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dei358 · Cited by 66
“In addition, mean estradiol levels were very similar between users and non-user controls; however, cases with low and high levels mainly among those women with menstrual irregularities were observed (Croxatto et al., 1988; Croxatto, 2002).”
BackgroundImplantable contraceptives for women
Meirik, O. (2003) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmg004 · Cited by 66
“This probably jeopardizes the capacity of the oocyte to be fertilized (Croxatto, 2002b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPharmacokinetics, metabolism and serum concentrations of progestins used in contraception
Bick, A. J., Toit, R. L.-D., Skosana, S. B., Africander, D., & Hapgood, J. P. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107789 · Cited by 60
Bissonnette, A., Bischofberger, N., & van Schaik, C. P. (2010) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-010-1023-z · Cited by 59
“2001), and the contraceptive effect is achieved through a variety of mechanisms that range from anovulation to insufficient luteal phase (Croxatto 2002).”
BackgroundStructure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract
Lessey, B. A., & Young, S. L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00009-3 · Cited by 60
Early embryo‐maternal communication in the oviduct: A review
Kölle, S., Hughes, B., & Steele, H. (2020) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/mrd.23352 · Cited by 56
“The average time which the embryo needs to reach the uterus takes 1–10 days and is species‐ specific (e.g., 4–5 days in human and bovine; Croxatto, 2002; Kolle et al., 2009; Sponchiado et al., 2017).”
BackgroundContraceptive implants: current perspectives
Rowlands, S., & Searle, S. (2014) · Open Access Journal of Contraception · doi:10.2147/oajc.s55968 · Cited by 54
Guilbert, É., Brown, J. P., Kaunitz, A. M., Wagner, M.-S., Bérubé, J., Charbonneau, L., Francoeur, D., Gilbert, A., Gilbert, F., Roy, G., et al. (2009) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.016 · Cited by 50
“DMPA also causes a thickening of the cervical mucus, a reduction in tubal motility, atrophy of the endometrium, and other contraceptive action mechanisms [20].”
BackgroundLong-Acting Reversible Contraception for Adolescents
Francis, J., & Gold, M. A. (2017) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0598 · Cited by 46
Säfholm, M., Norder, A., Fick, J. B., & Berg, C. (2011) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.097378 · Cited by 42
Blumenthal, P. D., & Edelman, A. B. (2008) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31818425b7 · Cited by 41
Stewart, R. A., Pelican, K. M., Crosier, A. E., Pukazhenthi, B. S., Wildt, D. E., Ottinger, M. A., & Howard, J. (2012) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.104190 · Cited by 41
“There is evidence of this phenomenon in other species, including the human, rat, and dog where progesterone exposure has been linked to altered steroidogenesis and receptor populations at all levels of the hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis [65–67].”
BackgroundLorenz, C., Contardo‐Jara, V., Pflugmacher, S., Wiegand, C., Nützmann, G., Lutz, I., & Kloas, W. (2011) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfr159 · Cited by 40
“These effects are mediated via the progesterone receptor (PR) (Croxatto, 2002).”
BackgroundPelican, K. M., Wildt, D. E., Ottinger, M. A., & Howard, J. (2007) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2007.01.002 · Cited by 39
Effect of intermittent treatment with mifepristone on bleeding patterns in Norplant® implant users
Massai, M. R., Pavez, M., Fuentealba, B., Croxatto, H. B., & d’Arcangues, C. (2004) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.02.009 · Cited by 39
Self-citationHoffmann, F., & Kloas, W. (2012) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.02.009 · Cited by 36
Canadian Contraception Consensus (Part 3 of 4): Chapter 8 – Progestin-Only Contraception
Black, A., Guilbert, É., Costescu, D., Dunn, S., Fisher, W. A., Kives, S. L., Mirosh, M., Norman, W. V., Pymar, H. C., Reid, R. L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2015.12.003 · Cited by 32
Ali, M., Bahamondes, L. G., & Landoulsi, S. (2017) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-17-00296 · Cited by 29
“work both by suppressing and altering ovulation and by thickening the cervical mucus.(9) They also restrict or suppress the access of fertile spermatozoa to the site of fertilization.”
BackgroundCallahan, R. L., Yacobson, I., Halpern, V., & Nanda, K. (2015) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2015.08.016 · Cited by 29
“By year 5 of use, more than half of Norplant users ovulate regularly [110], and it is estimated that Jadelle use suppresses ovulation in only 45–85% of menstrual cycles [111].”
Adolescent Contraception: Review and Guidance for Pediatric Clinicians
Hartman, L. B., Monasterio, E., & Hwang, L. Y. (2012) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2012.05.001 · Cited by 28
Hormonal contraception without estrogens
The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2003) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmb025 · Cited by 27
Risk-benefit effects of implantable contraceptives in women
Brache, V., Faúndes, A., & Alvarez, F. (2003) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2.3.321 · Cited by 26
“There are two demonstrated mechanisms of action for implantable contraceptives: interference with sperm migration through the cervical mucus and ovulation inhibition or ovulatory dysfunction [7-12].”
BackgroundMechanistic model of hormonal contraception
Wright, A. A., Fayad, G. N., Selgrade, J. F., & Olufsen, M. S. (2020) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007848 · Cited by 26
“In the ovaries, during follicle development, P4 limits sensitivity to FSH [20, 21] as described by the denominator of Eq (5).”
BackgroundLevonorgestrel, not etonogestrel, provides contraception in free-ranging koalas
Hynes, E. F., Handasyde, K. A., Shaw, G., & Renfree, M. B. (2010) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd09253 · Cited by 25
“ENG implants have not been used previously in any marsupial species, but were expected to be similar in effectiveness to LNG implants (Croxatto 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAgnew, M. K., Asa, C. S., Franklin, A. D., McDonald, M. M., & Cowl, V. B. (2021) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/2020-0217 · Cited by 22
“not known for GnRH agonists, progestins can prevent pregnancy at multiple points in the reproductive process,(10) and higher doses are typically needed to block ovulation.(17) More study”
BackgroundOderich, C. L., Wender, M. C. O., Lubianca, J. N., Santos, L. M., & de Mello, G. C. (2011) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.05.018 · Cited by 22
“Implanon® is a well-known contraceptive implant containing etonogestrel (ETG), the biologically active metabolite of desogestrel, a progestin with an ethylene–vinyl– acetate copolymer as carrier material [4–11].”
MethodUse of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) and the Depo-Provera Shot in Adolescents
Itriyeva, K. (2018) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.11.002 · Cited by 22
Sanctis, V. D. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.4084/mjhid.2020.032 · Cited by 20
Gaffield, M. E., Curtis, K. M., Mohllajee, A. P., & Peterson, H. B. (2005) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.002 · Cited by 20
“In addition, impaired cervical mucus and poor sperm penetration may contribute to the contraceptive efficacy, and suppression of endometrial development has been shown as well [11].”
BackgroundContraceptive Counseling and Methods for Adolescents: Clinical Report
Ott, M. A., Sucato, G. S., Leroy‐Melamed, M., Hoopes, A. J., Alderman, E. M., Berlan, E. D., Chung, R. J., Colburn, M. D., Grubb, L. K., Lee, J. B., et al. (2025) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2025-072218 · Cited by 19
Pelican, K. M., Spindler, R. E., Pukazhenthi, B. S., Wildt, D. E., Ottinger, M. A., & Howard, J. (2010) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.109.083360 · Cited by 19
“Progestagens are known to alter both receptor populations and hormone production and release at all levels of the reproductive axis in other species [57–59].”
BackgroundLong‐acting reversible contraception: A route to reproductive justice or injustice
Kaitz, M., Mankuta, D., & Mankuta, L. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21801 · Cited by 19
Meirik, O., Brache, V., Kiriwat, O., Habib, N., Schmidt, J., Ortaylı, N., Culwell, K. R., Jackson, E., & Ali, M. (2012) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.044 · Cited by 18
“, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA) contains 68 mg etonogestrel embedded in one ethylene-vinyl-acetate rod [5].”
BackgroundSafety of hormonal contraception for obese women
Rocha, A. L. L., Campos, R. R., Miranda, M. M. S., Raspante, L. B. D. P., Carneiro, M. M., Vieira, C. S., & dos Reis, F. M. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2018.1389893 · Cited by 17
Hohmann, H. L. (2009) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s4299 · Cited by 17
Maijer, A. M., & Semple, S. (2015) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2015.1083432 · Cited by 16
“Implanon releases the progestin etonogestrel (Bennink, 2000; Croxatto, 2002).”
BackgroundTodd, C. S., Deese, J., Wang, M., Hubacher, D., Steiner, M. J., Otunga, S., & Damme, L. V. (2014) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.10.008 · Cited by 15
“The hypothesized contraceptive mechanism of action of the LNG implant is through thickening of cervical mucus and, to a lesser degree, suppression of or dysfunctional ovulation [4,5].”
BackgroundLong‐acting contraception in adolescents and young women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Salinas, A., Merino, P. M., Giraudo, F., & Ethel Codner, D. (2020) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13069 · Cited by 17
“Half of all users may exhibit diminished ovulation rates.(33)”
BackgroundContraceptive methods in adolescence: a narrative review of guidelines
Margaritis, K., Margioula‐Siarkou, G., Margioula‐Siarkou, C., Petousis, S., & Galli‐Τsinopoulou, A. (2023) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2022.2162336 · Cited by 18
Contraceptive Implants: An Overview and Update
Isley, M. M., & Edelman, A. B. (2007) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2007.01.002 · Cited by 14
Contraceptive implants: A review and current perspective in southwest Nigeria
Kolawole, O., Sowemimo, O., Ojo, O., & Fasubaa, O. B. (2018) · Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.4103/tjog.tjog_6_18 · Cited by 14
“[26] Although ovulation is occasionally observed in the 3rd year of use,[27] the implant remains a highly effective contraceptive throughout this time because of the secondary modes of action.”
BackgroundMishell, J., & Shoupe, D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20185-6 · Cited by 14
Stabile, G., Foti, C., Mordeglia, D., Santo, D. D., Mangino, F. P., Laganà, A. S., & Ricci, G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11113226 · Cited by 13
“The contraceptive effect is obtained through two complementary mechanisms: the progestin inhibits the gonadotropin secretion and ovulation, and it causes changes in cervical mucus and tubal motility that are unfavorable to sperm migration [12].”
BackgroundPatient-Centered Contraceptive Counseling
Yecies, E. B., & Borrero, S. B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50695-7_4 · Cited by 13
A rodent model of human dose-equivalent progestin-only implantable contraception
Allaway, H. C. M., Pierson, R. A., Invik, J., & Bloomfield, S. A. (2021) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-021-00729-w · Cited by 12
Vaisbuch, E., Erez, O., & Romero, R. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52508-8_1 · Cited by 11
Hou, Z., Xu, W., Chen, S., Guo, J., Li, P., Hu, J., Yang, L., & Chen, J. (2023) · Journal of Material Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2023.01.040 · Cited by 10
Ballantyne, K., Anderson, S. T., Pyne, M. J., Nicolson, V. N., Mucci, A., Lisle, A. T., & Johnston, S. D. (2015) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd14387 · Cited by 10
“This observation provided indirect evidence that follicular development was possibly not suppressed by LNG treatment, as is the case in women (Croxatto 2002).”
BackgroundResultHernández‐Juárez, J., Garcı́a-Latorre, E., Moreno‐Hernández, M., Moran-Perez, J. F., Rodriguez-Escobedo, M. A., Cogque-Hernandez, G., Julián-Nacer, R., Hernandez-Giron, X., Palafox-Gomez, R., Isordia‐Salas, I., et al. (2014) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/1742-4755-11-33 · Cited by 10
“Each SCI has ENG (68 mg) the active metabolite of desogestrel (DSG) [9].”
BackgroundFailure of Implanon® on antituberculous therapy
Gbolade, B. A. (2010) · Open Access Journal of Contraception · doi:10.2147/oajc.s12194 · Cited by 10
“Its main mechanism of action is ovulation suppression, augmented by increased cervical mucus viscosity that hinders the passage of spermatozoa and alters the endometrial lining, 7 and it is independent of user compliance.”
Vaisbuch, E., Erez, O., & Romero, R. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14385-9_1 · Cited by 10
Unintended pregnancy and the role of long-acting reversible contraception
Modi, M. N., Heitmann, R. J., & Armstrong, A. Y. (2013) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/17474108.2013.848596 · Cited by 9
Khalid, S., Hanif, R., Jabeen, I., Mansoor, Q., & Ismail, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196312 · Cited by 9
A 5-year clinical evaluation of subdermal implants among Abakaliki acceptors
Nwali, M. I., Nnamdi, E., & Jude, A. (2016) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/2278-960x.175730 · Cited by 8
“The modes of action include interference with cervical mucus making it thick and difficult for sperm penetration hence preventing fertilization,[7,8] prevention of ovulation by altering the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis,[9,10] and may also interfere with endometrial development.”
BackgroundHormonal contraceptive use in HIV-infected women using antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review
Womack, J. A., Novick, G., & Goulet, J. L. (2015) · Open Access Journal of Contraception · doi:10.2147/oajc.s55038 · Cited by 8
The oestrogen ‘sparing’ effect of implanon: A case report and review
Ogbonmwan, S. E. O., Briggs, P., & Amu, O. (2006) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625180500520174 · Cited by 8
Nanoparticle Technology for Respiratory Tract Mucosal Vaccine Delivery
Johnson, L. M., Mecham, J. B., Quinn, F. D., & Hickey, A. J. (2019) · KONA Powder and Particle Journal · doi:10.14356/kona.2020013 · Cited by 8
Systemic and barrier contraceptives for the dermatologist: a review
Chan, C. S., Harting, M. S., & Rosén, T. (2009) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04148.x · Cited by 7
The Structure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract
Lessey, B. A., & Young, S. L. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-2758-2.00010-x · Cited by 8
Grossesse sous Implanon® : une « enquête » à propos de trois cas
Boucoiran, I., Trastour, C., Faraj, L., Delotte, J., & Bongain, A. (2011) · Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité · doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2010.08.025 · Cited by 6
Etonogestrel contraceptive implant failure in a woman taking rifampin: a case report
Tufa, T. H., Sium, A. F., & Abubeker, F. A. (2022) · Contraception and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s40834-022-00172-1 · Cited by 5
“The mechanism of action is mainly through suppression of ovulation augmented by increased cervical mucus viscosity that hinders the passage of spermatozoa [3].”
BackgroundDMPA: battered and bruised but still needed and used in the USA
Nelson, A. L. (2010) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/eog.10.60 · Cited by 5
Contraceptive Devices for Women: Implants, Intrauterine Devices and Other Products
Craik, J., & Rowlands, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12406-3_8 · Cited by 5
Kailasam, C., Akande, V., & Gordon, U. D. (2005) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-005-4889-3 · Cited by 5
“(15) concluded that follicular growth and the ovulatory process is disrupted with all of them.”
BackgroundBreast Cancer Risk with Progestin Subdermal Implants: A Challenge in Patients Counseling
Mohammed, G., Mousa, N. A., Talaat, I. M., Ibrahim, H., & Saber-Ayad, M. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.781066 · Cited by 4
“In this review, we focus on these two implants, both shown to have comparable effectiveness, release characteristics and pharmacokinetics (6).”
BackgroundOliveira-Ribeiro, M., Petta, C. A., Andrade, L. A. L. D. A., Hidalgo, M., Peloggia, A., & Bahamondes, L. G. (2006) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.10.013 · Cited by 4
Black, A., Guilbert, É., Costescu, D., Dunn, S., Fisher, W. A., Kives, S. L., Mirosh, M., Norman, W. V., Pymar, H. C., Reid, R. L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2016.03.005 · Cited by 4
The Structure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract
Strauss, J. F., & Lessey, B. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4907-4.00009-7 · Cited by 5
Contraception for the Cardiac Patient: a Cardiologist’s Primer
Florio, K. L., Kao, M., Johnson, T., Tuttle, H. A., White, D., Nelson, L., Patel, N. B., Ramaeker, D. M., Kendig, S., Schmidt, L. M., et al. (2020) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-020-00853-7 · Cited by 4
“Similar to the progestin-containing IUD, it also thins the endometrial lining and thickens the cervical mucus [30,46].”
BackgroundThe Contraceptive Implant: An Updated Review of the Evidence
Amico, J., Kumar, B., Rosenstein, H., & Gold, M. (2015) · Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13669-014-0110-y · Cited by 3
“Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects The CDC US MEC considers use of progestin-only contraceptives as a Category 1 (no restriction) or Category 2 (advantages generally outweigh the risk) for conditions which increase a woman’s risk of a cardiovascular event, with additional restrictions for DMPA [5].”
BackgroundInfluential[Reversible long-duration contraceptives: an efficient strategy to reduce non-planned pregnancies].
Lira-Plascencia, J., Velázquez-Ramírez, N., Ibargüengoitia-Ochoa, F., Montoya-Romero, J. D. J., Castelazo‐Morales, E., & Castro, E. V. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Phillips, S. J., Steyn, P. S., & Curtis, K. M. (2016) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.05.004 · Cited by 3
“LNG causes changes in the cervical mucus that prevent penetration by sperm and also inhibits ovulation and leads to altered endometrial development and ovulatory dysfunction in most women [8,9].”
BackgroundDepot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
McCullough, D. C., Eraso, K. M., & Kaunitz, A. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46391-5_6 · Cited by 3
Filho, E. S. F., Bahamondes, L. G., Duarte, D. C., Guimarães, A. L. M., de Almeida, P. G., Soares, J. M., Baracat, E. C., & Sorpreso, I. C. E. (2021) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2021.1974380 · Cited by 3
Contraceptive Counseling in Obese Women
McNicholas, C. P., Zigler, R. E., & Madden, T. E. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2611-4_9 · Cited by 3
Monoplant® the Indonesian Implant: The Overview of Implant and Its Development
Gunardi, E. R., Affandi, B., & Muchtar, A. (2011) · Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · Cited by 3
Progestin Injectable Contraceptives
Allen, R. H., Cwiak, C. A., & Kaunitz, A. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20185-6_8 · Cited by 3
Menstrual Pattern and Characteristics of One-Rod and Two-Rod Levonorgestrel Implant Users
Gunardi, E. R., & Susilo, S. A. (2021) · Obstetrics and Gynecology International · doi:10.1155/2021/2904542 · Cited by 3
“Etonogestrel implant works by inhibiting ovulation [24, 25].”
BackgroundThuwanut, P., Brown, J. L., Comizzoli, P., & Crosier, A. E. (2019) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.07.001 · Cited by 3
A New Progestin Implant (Implanon) for Long-Term Contraception
(2007) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000258239.10143.ff · Cited by 3
Hidalgo, A., & Palau, A. A. (2004) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s1134-2072(04)76131-9 · Cited by 3
Sonographic imaging in progestin users and future directions
Varma, R., & Mascarenhas, L. (2002) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00824.x · Cited by 3
“Widespread mechanisms have been proposed to explain the menstrual irregularities that complicate progestin therapy, but a unifying hypothesis remains elusive, thereby hindering development of effective therapeutic strategies 2–5 .”
BackgroundA Survey of Mathematical Modeling of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle
Zhao, L., Kim, R., Oremland, L. S., Chowkwale, M., Pillis, L. G. D., & Brooks, H. Z. (2024) · The IMA volumes in mathematics and its applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58516-6_3 · Cited by 2
Meriç, İ., Yapıcı, M., & Koc, D. G. (2025) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics13090764 · Cited by 2
“…pharmaceutical class in aquatic systems after ethinylestradiol [16] and therefore, motivating our focus on LNG. LNG—a 19-nortestosterone-derived synthetic progestin—has garnered particular scrutiny owing to its high receptor affinity, physicochemical stability, and environmental ubiquity [8,17].”
Progesterone Receptors and Opportunities for Contraception
Croxatto, H. B. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-27147-3_1 · Cited by 2
Self-citationContraception par progestatifs
Duranteau, L. (2008) · EMC - Gynécologie · doi:10.1016/s0246-1064(08)44372-4 · Cited by 2
Moutchia, J., Mouemba, D.-K. M., & Ngwasiri, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s13256-018-1675-2 · Cited by 2
“restricting the access of spermatozoa to the site of fertilization; and suppression of endometrial maturation thereby impairing implantation of the blastocyst [5, 6, 9].”
BackgroundRushing, J. S., Appiah, L. A., Polotsky, A. J., Murray, S. C., Foust, E., Hassell, K. L., & Roeca, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-020-02057-1 · Cited by 2
Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancies
Creatsas, G. K. (2014) · ISGE series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09662-9_5 · Cited by 1
Long-Acting Progestin Injectables
Jurow, R., & Shoupe, D. (2006) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-150-5_7 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Croxatto, H. B.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva (CL)
- Corresponding author
- Croxatto, Horacio B.
- Venue
- Contraception
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-27
- ISSN
- 0010-7824 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044424478
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Contraception (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- contraceptive implants, progestins, levonorgestrel, etonogestrel, norethisterone, norethisterone acetate, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, ovulation inhibition, luteinizing hormone surge, cervical mucus, sperm transport, endometrium, female contraception
- MeSH terms
- Cervix Mucus, Contraceptive Devices, Female, Drug Implants, Endometrium, Female, Humans, Ovary, Progesterone Congeners
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
