Cited by 239Reproductive Health and ContraceptionEstrogen and related hormone effectsOvarian function and disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effect of four different oral contraceptives on various sex hormones and serum-binding globulins

Wiegratz, I., Kutschera, E., Lee, J.H., Moore, C., Mellinger, U., Winkler, U.H., Kuhl, H.·2003·Contraception

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Abstract

In a double-blind, controlled, randomized, four-arm, bicentric clinical study, the effect of four oral contraceptives (OCs) on various hormone parameters and serum-binding globulins was investigated. Four groups with 25 volunteers each (18-35 years of age) were treated for six cycles with monophasic combinations containing 21 tablets with either 30 microg ethinylestradiol (EE) + 2 mg dienogest (DNG) (30EE/DNG), 20 microg EE + 2 mg DNG (20EE/DNG), 10 microg EE + 2 mg estradiol valerate (EV) + 2 mg DNG (EE/EV/DNG) or 20 microg EE + 100 microg levonorgestrel (LNG) (EE/LNG). The study was completed by 91 subjects. Blood samples were taken after at least 12 h of fasting on Day 21-26 of the preceding control cycle and on Day 18-21 of the first, third and sixth treatment cycle. The serum concentrations of free testosterone were significantly decreased by about 40-60% in all four groups, while those of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) showed a time-dependent decrease during treatment. Except for EE/EV/DNG, which increased prolactin significantly during the third and sixth cycles, no change was observed with the EE-containing preparations. There was a significant increase in the levels of serum-binding globulins during treatment, which differed according to the composition of the OCs used. The rise in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was highest during intake of 30EE/DNG (+320%) and lowest with EE/LNG (+80%), while the effect of 20EE/DNG and EE/EV/DNG was similar (+270%). The thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) levels increased significantly, by 50-60%, during treatment with the DNG-containing formulations, while the effect of EE/LNG was less significant (+30%). The rise in corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), which occurred in all groups, was most pronounced in women treated with 30EE/DNG (+90%) and least with EE/EV/DNG (+55%), indicating a strong influence of EE and no effect of the progestogen component. In all treatment groups, the frequency of intracyclic bleeding rose in the first treatment cycle and decreased thereafter. Cycle control was significantly better with 30EE/DNG or EE/LNG than with 20EE/DNG or EE/EV/DNG. There was no significant change in blood pressure, body mass index or pulse rate throughout the study. In conclusion, the DNG-containing OCs caused a higher rise in SHBG and TBG levels than the LNG-containing preparation. The effects on CBG suggest a lesser hepatic effect of 2 mg EV as compared to 20 or 30 microg EE. In contrast to EE, the use of estradiol in OCs appeared to increase prolactin release, while the cycle control was better with the OC containing 30 microg EE.

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Background
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Lafitte, A., Dupuit, M., Chassard, T., Barlier, K., Badier, N., Duclos, M., Toussaint, J., & Antero, J. (2024) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002078 · Cited by 11
“10 13 Bioavailable testosterone, including free and albumin-bound testosterone (ie, testosterone not bound to SHBG), was significantly suppressed by different mechanisms depending on the progestin used.”
Sex-specific associations of serum testosterone with gray matter volume and cerebral blood flow in midlife individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease
Nerattini, M., Williams, S., Andy, C., Carlton, C., Zarate, C., Boneu, C., Fauci, F., Ajila, T., Jett, S., Battista, M., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317303 · Cited by 10
20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception
Gallo, M. F., Nanda, K., Grimes, D. A., Lopez, L. M., & Schulz, K. F. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003989.pub3 · Cited by 10
Comparison of the cytokine responses to acute strength exercise between oral contraceptive users and naturally cycling women
Notbohm, H. L., Umlauff, L., Bloch, W., & Schumann, M. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05275-4 · Cited by 13
“For example it is known that oral contraceptive users show increased concentrations of sex-hormone binding globulin (Wiegratz et al. 2003), which has been shown to have an inverse relationship with pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory effects on adipocytes and macrophages (Maggio et al.…”
Background
20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception
Gallo, M. F., Nanda, K., Grimes, D. A., Lopez, L. M., & Schulz, K. F. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003989.pub4 · Cited by 9
The cortisol-CBG ratio affects cortisol immunoassay bias at elevated CBG concentrations
Vos, M. J., Bisschop, P. H. L. T., Deckers, M. M. L., & Endert, E. (2017) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-0095 · Cited by 8
“However, the increase in concentration of binding proteins varies between individuals due to the level of OCP compliance, differences in total estrogen intake during the OCP-cycle and differences in OCP formulations [6, 8].”
Background
Metabolic profile and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in different reproductive phases of Czech women and their relations to weight, body composition and fat distribution
Kosková, I., Petrásek, R., Vondra, K., Dušková, M., & Stárka, L. (2009) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.931364 · Cited by 8
Oral contraceptive use during relationship formation and current relationship satisfaction: Testing the congruency hypothesis in couples attending pregnancy and fertility clinics
Fiurašková, K., Roberts, S. C., Kaňková, Š., Hlaváčová, J., Calda, P., & Havlı́ček, J. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105451 · Cited by 7
100 YEARS OF VITAMIN D: Combined hormonal contraceptives and vitamin D metabolism in adolescent girls
Öberg, J., Jorde, R., Figenschau, Y., Thorsby, P. M., Dahl, S. R., Winther, A., & Grimnes, G. (2022) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-21-0395 · Cited by 7
Pharmacological Differences between Men and Women
Parekh, A. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385471-1.00023-4 · Cited by 7
An overview of the physiopathology and various treatment strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome
Rajabi, A., Babaie, S., Oskouei, B. S., Mehdizadeh, A., & Farshbaf‐Khalili, A. (2023) · Reproductive and Developmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/rd9.0000000000000088 · Cited by 7
“Human chorionic gonadotropin Pregnancy [70] Testosterone Producing excess androgen [71] Sex hormone–binding globulin Reduced in PCOS [72] Anti-Müllerian hormone Often increased in PCOS [73] Follicle-stimulating hormone Will be normal or low with PCOS [74] Luteinizing hormone Will be elevated in…”
Background
Sex Differences in Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Sheth, A. N., Lahiri, C. D., & Ofotokun, I. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16438-0_4 · Cited by 6
Maternal oral contraceptive pill use and the risk of atopic diseases in the offspring
Bai, X., Wu, Z.-X., Zhao, C., Wu, Y. G., Fei, C.-S., Zhang, L., & Chen, Z. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019607 · Cited by 6
Maladie thromboembolique veineuse dans la région de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algérie: fréquence et facteurs de risque
Chalal, N., & Demmouche, A. E. (2013) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.16.45.2620 · Cited by 7
“D'autres part, les taux de la SHBG (sexe hormone binding globulin) plus élevé avec les progestatifs de 3 génération qu'avec ceux de 2 génération, sont considérés comme un marqueur de risque de thrombose [32-36].”
Background
The impact of mental health and psychological stressors on menstrual cycle modulation: exploring the influence of age and hormonal contraceptives
Pereira, J. P. C., Jacques, L. S., Santos, T. M. D. C., Pereira, F. A. C., Castelo, P. M., & Borges, B. D. B. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01499-1 · Cited by 5
Effects of oral contraceptives on intrusive memories: a secondary analysis of two studies using the trauma film paradigm in healthy women
Maslahati, T., Schultebraucks, K., Gómez, M. G., Hellmann‐Regen, J., Otte, C., Wingenfeld, K., & Roepke, S. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2282003 · Cited by 5
“The latter e ﬀ ect has been attributed to ethinyl estradiol (Wiegratz et al., 2003), the estrogen compound in OCs triggering the hepatic production of cortisol-binding globulin (CBG).”
Background
Does Hyperandrogenism Affect the Otoacoustic Emissions and Medial Olivocochlear Reflex in Female Adults?
Eren, E., Harman, E., Arslanoğlu, S., Önal, K., & Katlmiş, H. (2013) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0b013e31828dae3e · Cited by 5
“Oral contraceptives (OCs) are known to reduce bioavailable testosterone levels (23).”
Background
Wartość diagnostyczna późnonocnego poziomu kortyzolu w ślinie w rozpoznawaniu subklinicznej postaci zespołu Cushinga
Kuzu, İ., Zuhur, S. S., Demir, N., Aktas, G., Öztürk, F. Y., & Altuntaş, Y. (2016) · Endokrynologia Polska · doi:10.5603/ep.a2016.0028 · Cited by 5
Exploration of possible sex bias in acute social stress research: a semi-systematic review
Rrapaj, A., Landau, A. M., & Winterdahl, M. (2023) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2023.16 · Cited by 5
“The high level of corticosteroid-binding globulins in HC users blunt the cortisol release in response to the stress (Wiegratz et al., 2003; Kumsta et al., 2007).”
Background
Perfluoroalkyl acids and thyroid hormones across stages of kidney function
Jain, R. B., & DUCATMAN, A. M. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133994 · Cited by 5
Influências da reposição de estrógenos e progestágenos na ação do hormônio de crescimento em mulheres com hipopituitarismo
Isotton, A. L., Wender, M. C. O., & Czepielewski, M. A. (2008) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302008000500023 · Cited by 5
Clinical management of androgen excess and defect in women
Rosato, E., Sciarra, F., Minnetti, M., Degjoni, A., & Venneri, M. A. (2023) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2023.2279537 · Cited by 4
“Cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) and thyr-oxine-binding globulin (TBG) increase in a dose-dependent manner during COCs treatment [134,135].”
Background
Agreement between routinely used immunoassays for thyroid function testing in non‐pregnant and pregnant adults
Wigh, I. M. N., Andersen, L., Lundgaard, M. H., Torp, N. M. U., Karmisholt, J., Andersen, S., & Andersen, S. L. (2024) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.15062 · Cited by 4
Effect of sex, pubertal stage, body mass index, oral contraceptive use, and C-reactive protein on vitamin D binding protein reference values
von Heimburg, P., Baber, R., Willenberg, A., Wölfle, P. J., Kratzsch, J., Kieß, W., & Vogel, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1470513 · Cited by 4
“On the other hand, preparations containing progesterone with an androgenic effect may attenuate the effect of estrogen (6).”
Influential
The bioequivalence of the contraceptive steroids ethinylestradiol and drospirenone is not affected by co-administration of dehydroepiandrosterone
Zimmerman, Y., Wouters, W., & Bennink, H. J. T. C. (2013) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.3109/13625187.2013.777831 · Cited by 4
Levonorgestrel vs combined oral contraceptive pills in treatment of female acne and hirsutism
Moubasher, A. E. A., Basset, H. A. A., Khalil, A. A. M., & Youssef, E. M. K. (2020) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.13700 · Cited by 4
“decreases gonadotrophin secretion that inhibits leutinizing hormone (LH) production and subsequently, ovarian androgen production.(39) Progestins block 5α-reductase activity in the pilosebaceous unit, and decrease testosterone receptor expression and gonadotrophin (FSH, LH) synthesis.”
Background
Acute benzodiazepine administration induces changes in homocysteine metabolism in young healthy volunteers
Pompéia, S., Grego, B. H. C., Pradella-Hallinan, M. L. D. C., Hachul, H., Tufik, S., & D’Almeida, V. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.017 · Cited by 4
Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Yasmin, E., & Balen, A. H. (2007) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/17455057.3.3.355 · Cited by 4
Age-related changes in fecal adrenal androgen levels in hylobatids
Hart, E. N., Margulis, S. W., & Takeshita, R. S. C. (2025) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114766 · Cited by 3
Contraception in transgender and gender diverse patients
McCracken, M., & Tyson, N. A. (2025) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000001066 · Cited by 3
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dehydroepiandrosterone during use of an ethinylestradiol- and drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive
Zimmerman, Y., Bennink, H. J. T. C., Wouters, W., Ebes, F., & Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2013) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.3109/13625187.2013.822061 · Cited by 3
Vitamin D Status During Adolescence and the Impact of Lifestyle Changes: 2 Years’ Follow-up From the Fit Futures Study
Öberg, J., Jorde, R., Almås, B., Nielsen, C. S., Gerds, T. A., Cashman, K. D., & Grimnes, G. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad655 · Cited by 3
The effects of vilaprisan on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive—A randomized controlled trial
Schultze‐Mosgau, M., Schütt, B., Draeger, C., Casjens, M., Loewen, S., Zimmermann, T., & Rohde, B. (2020) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14443 · Cited by 3
A comparative study of the determinants of bonestrength and the propensity to falls in black andwhite South African women
Conradie, M. (2008) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 3
Acne and Related Disorders
(2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_301570 · Cited by 3
Hormonal contraceptive use in relation to basal and reactive testosterone, DHEAS, and cortisol
Casto, K. V., Farah, S., Castro, A., Akinola, M., & Mehta, P. H. (2025) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105806 · Cited by 2
Effect of Laropiprant, a PGD2 Receptor 1 Antagonist, on Estradiol and Norgestimate Pharmacokinetics After Oral Contraceptive Administration in Women
Schwartz, J. I., Liu, F., Wang, Y., Pramanik, B., Johnson‐Levonas, A. O., Gutierrez, M. J., Lai, E., & Wagner, J. A. (2009) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181985130 · Cited by 2
Erythropoietin does not have effects on the ventilatory and pulmonary vascular response to acute hypoxia in men and women
Berendsen, R. R., Lindeman, R. C., Boom, M., Aarts, L. P. H. J., van Dorp, E. L. A., & Teppema, L. J. (2016) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep085675 · Cited by 1
“Combined oral contraceptives reduce not only oestrogen but also androgen concentrations, especially the total testosterone and free testosterone (Fern et al. 1978; Gaspard et al. 1983; Aden et al. 1998; Wiegratz et al. 2003; Ågren et al. 2011; Zimmerman et al. 2014).”
Background
Hormonal and metabolic responses across phases of combined oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle in young elite female athletes
Collomp, K., Olivier, A., Teulier, C., Bonnigal, J., Crépin, N., Buisson, C., Ericsson, M., Duron, E., Favory, E., Zimmermann, M., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05745-x · Cited by 2
“…free T3 and T4 concentrations (Kuhl et al. 1985b; Weeke and Hansen 1975), but most recent studies have reported an increase in TSH but not in free thyroid hormones, due to the parallel increase in thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) protein (Özcan et al. 2023; Raps et al. 2014; Wiegratz et al. 2003).”
Hirsutismus – Medikamentöse Therapie Gemeinsame Stellungnahme der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Fortpflanzungsmedizin e.V. und des Berufsverbands der Frauenärzte e.V.
Rabe, T., Albring, C., Blume‐Peytavi, U., Egarter, C., Geisthövel, F., König, K., Kühl, H., Merkle, E., Ao, M., Reisch, N., et al. (2015) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH) · Cited by 2
Use of oral contraceptives in the management of acne
Melis, G. B., PAOLETTI, ORRU', MAROTTO, Pilloni, M. D., PERSEU, & Lello, S. (2011) · Open Access Journal of Contraception · doi:10.2147/oajc.s17407 · Cited by 2
Review Oestrogen exposure and breast cancer risk
Travis, R. C., & Key, T. J. (2003) · Cited by 2
Diagnostik und Therapie der kutanen Androgenisierung im klimakterischen Übergang sowie in der Peri- und Postmenopause: Hirsutismus und Alopezie
Geisthövel, F. (2012) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH) · Cited by 2
Abnormal thyroid test results in euthyroid state: An appraisal of the role of drugsPreprint
Krishnamurthy, A., Bhattacharya, S., Lathia, T. B., & Deka, N. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.159414506.65558424 · Cited by 2
Effects of l-norgestrel on the endothelium-dependent relaxation response of rabbit clitoral cavernous smooth muscles
Myung, S. C., Kim, S.-C., Lee, S. Y., Han, J. Y., & Lee, M. Y. (2006) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.12.080 · Cited by 1
Effects of combined oral contraceptive pills on thyroid function tests in Mosul City
Mahmood, M. D., & Al-Youzbaki, W. B. (2011) · Al-Mağallaẗ al-ʻirāqiyyaẗ li-l-ṣaydalaẗ · doi:10.33899/iphr.2011.49590 · Cited by 1

Authors: Wiegratz, I., Kutschera, E., Lee, J. H., Moore, C., Mellinger, U., Winkler, U. H., & Kuhl, H.
Affiliations: Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
Venue: Contraception
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-01
Volume: 67
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-32
ISSN: 0010-7824 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00436-5
OpenAlex: W2002526921
Cited by: 239
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 7.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Contraception (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
Keywords: oral contraceptives, sex hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin, ethinyl estradiol, dienogest, estradiol valerate, levonorgestrel, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, prolactin, thyroxine-binding globulin, corticosteroid-binding globulin
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Contraceptives, Oral, Double-Blind Method, Estradiol, Ethinyl Estradiol, Female, Humans, Nandrolone, Reference Values, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Testosterone, Thyroxine-Binding Proteins, Treatment Outcome, Levonorgestrel, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

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Effect of four different oral contraceptives on various sex hormones and serum-binding globulins

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