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Determination of total menstrual blood loss
Open accessAbstract
Objective To develop and validate a simple method of measuring total menstrual blood loss using a pictorial representation of blood loss, the menstrual pictogram.Design A prospective evaluation of total menstrual blood loss measurement by the menstrual pictogram compared to the alkaline hematin technique.Setting Academic menorrhagia research clinic.Patient(s) One hundred twenty-one women; 62 women complaining of heavy menstrual blood loss, 59 women who considered their menstrual blood loss to be normal.Intervention(s) Participants were asked to complete the menstrual pictogram through the period and collect their feminine hygiene products for an alkaline hematin assessment.Main outcome measure(s) Percentage agreement between blood loss measured by the gold standard alkaline hematin method and the menstrual pictogram. Extraneous blood loss was measured using a semiquantitative pictorial method.Result(s) The menstrual pictogram had a high level of agreement for blood collected on feminine hygiene products compared with the alkaline hematin method. Some women also lose a significantly large amount of extraneous blood, which is not proportional to the alkaline hematin blood loss assessment.Conclusion(s) The menstrual pictogram provides a simple means of measuring menstrual blood loss. It is no longer appropriate to ignore extraneous blood loss, particularly as there is no correlation between extraneous blood loss and that measured on feminine hygiene products.
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“Therefore, we have classified menstrual flow as spotting, light, moderate, and heavy using a previously validated menstrual pictogram (40).”
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Determination of Menstrual Blood Loss
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Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK
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Schliep, K. C., Mumford, S. L., Vladutiu, C. J., Ahrens, K. A., Perkins, N. J., Sjaarda, L. A., Kissell, K., Prasad, A., Wactawski‐Wende, J., & Schisterman, E. F. (2015) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000238 · Cited by 140
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A systematic review of methods to measure menstrual blood loss
Magnay, J. L., O’Brien, S., Gerlinger, C., & Seitz, C. (2018) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0627-8 · Cited by 109
“In contrast to the PBAC, the original menstrual pictogram includes a greater range of icons and differentiates between absorbency ratings of sanitary items [32].”
InfluentialMagnay, J. L., O’Brien, S., Gerlinger, C., & Seitz, C. (2020) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-020-0887-y · Cited by 107
“Clot scoring adapted from Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 6, Warrilow G et al., Quantification of menstrual blood loss, pp88–92, Copyright 2004 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, with permission from John Wiley and Sons remains unresolved.”
BackgroundInfluentialMenstrual Bleeding Patterns Among Regularly Menstruating Women
Dasharathy, S. S., Mumford, S. L., Pollack, A. Z., Perkins, N. J., Mattison, D. R., Wactawski‐Wende, J., & Schisterman, E. F. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr356 · Cited by 107
“These pictograms represent a valid marker for estimating the amount of menstrual blood flow and are highly correlated with blood loss estimates obtained by using the alkaline hematin method (27).”
MethodSchliep, K. C., Mumford, S. L., Hammoud, A. O., Stanford, J. B., Kissell, K., Sjaarda, L. A., Perkins, N. J., Ahrens, K. A., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Mendola, P., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3534 · Cited by 102
“Total blood loss on each bleeding day was estimated using an algorithm (17, 18).”
MethodWilkens, J., Chwalisż, K., Han, C., Walker, J., Cameron, I. T., Ingamells, S., Lawrence, A. C., Lumsden, M. A., Hapangama, D. K., Williams, A. R. W., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1104 · Cited by 101
Tranexamic acid for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding: efficacy and safety
Hurskainen, R., & Leminen (2012) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s13840 · Cited by 91
“Heavy regular menstrual bleeding, or menorrhagia, is quantitatively defined as menstrual blood loss (MBL) of 80 mL or more per cycle.(3,4) The definition has been widely adopted in clinical studies, while in practice, diagnosis is typically based on the subjective perception of MBL and its impact on quality of life (Q…”
Rauramo, I., Elo, I., & Istre, O. (2004) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000143824.16435.91 · Cited by 88
Al-Hendy, A. A., Roshdy, Rajaratnam, Maitra, Sabry, M., & Allah, A. (2013) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s41021 · Cited by 87
Brölmann, H. A. M., Bongers, M. Y., Garza-Leal, J. G., Gupta, J. K., Veersema, S., Quartero, R. W. P., & Toub, D. B. (2015) · Gynecological Surgery · doi:10.1007/s10397-015-0915-3 · Cited by 75
“The Menstrual Pictogram was first described by Wyatt and colleagues and is a variant of the Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) that patients complete to provide a visual assessment of menstrual blood loss during a single cycle [9, 10].”
MethodTransvaginal Elastosonography as an Imaging Technique for Diagnosing Adenomyosis
Liu, X., Ding, D., Ren, Y., & Guo, S. (2018) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719117750752 · Cited by 78
“0 (25-52) Menstrual phase Proliferative 74 (56.”
The reproductive ecology of iron in women
Miller, E. M. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22907 · Cited by 73
“…menstrual blood loss studies rely on the collection of sanitary napkins for blood measurement using the alkalin hematin method (Hallberg and Nilsson, 1964), pictorial representation of sanitary napkin saturation (Wyatt et al., 2001), or self-reported menstrual diaries (Gerlinger et al., 2007).”
MethodApgar, B. S., Kaufman, A. H., George-Nwogu, U., & Kittendorf, A. L. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 69
Garside, R., Stein, K., Wyatt, K. M., Round, A., & Price, A. (2004) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta8030 · Cited by 64
Abnormal uterine bleeding: a review of patient-based outcome measures
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Menorrhagia and bleeding disorders
El‐Hemaidi, I., Gharaibeh, A., & Shehata, H. A. (2007) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0b013e3282f1ddbe · Cited by 62
Cost Burden and Treatment Patterns Associated with Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Jensen, J. T., Lefèbvre, P., Laliberté, F., Sarda, S. P., Law, A. W., Pocoski, J., & Duh, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.3147 · Cited by 59
“7 10 Although many studies have published management algorithms for treating abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), 11–16 which includes HMB, less is known about real-world treatment patterns.”
Sapra, K. J., Louis, G. M. B., Sundaram, R., Joseph, K. S., Bates, L. M., Galea, S., & Ananth, C. V. (2016) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dew010 · Cited by 60
Shaw, R. W., Symonds, I., Tamizian, O., CHAPLAIN, J., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2007) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.2007.00747.x · Cited by 57
Obesity is associated with heavy menstruation that may be due to delayed endometrial repair
Reavey, J. J., Walker, C. A., Murray, A. A., Brito-Mutunayagam, S., Sweeney, S., Nicol, M. R., Cambursano, A., Critchley, H., & Maybin, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-20-0446 · Cited by 60
“This is a validated technique and correlates with objective menstrual blood loss measurements obtained using the alkaline haematin method (Wyatt et al. 2001).”
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Period problems: disorders of menstruation in adolescents
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Validating a pencil-and-paper measure of perimenopausal menstrual blood loss
Mansfield, P. K., Voda, A. M., & Allison, G. W. (2004) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2004.07.005 · Cited by 53
Iron status in athletic females, a shift in perspective on an old paradigm
Badenhorst, C. E., Goto, K., O’Brien, W. J., & Sims, S. T. (2021) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1885782 · Cited by 54
“representation of sanitary napkin saturation (Wyatt et al., 2001), weight of sanity pads (Heath et al.”
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Bongers, M. Y., Brölmann, H. A. M., Gupta, J. K., Garza-Leal, J. G., & Toub, D. B. (2014) · Gynecological Surgery · doi:10.1007/s10397-014-0873-1 · Cited by 45
“The Menstrual Pictogram is a variant of the Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) that patients complete to provide a visual assessment of menstrual blood loss during a single cycle [14, 15].”
MethodAlcohol intake, reproductive hormones, and menstrual cycle function: a prospective cohort study
Schliep, K. C., Zarek, S. M., Schisterman, E. F., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Trevisan, M., Sjaarda, L. A., Perkins, N. J., & Mumford, S. L. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.102160 · Cited by 45
“The total blood loss on each bleeding day was estimated with the use of an algorithm (34).”
MethodQuantification of menstrual blood loss
Warrilow, G., Kirkham, C., Ismail, K., Wyatt, K. M., Dimmock, P. W., & O’Brien, S. (2004) · The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist · doi:10.1576/toag.6.2.88.26983 · Cited by 45
“Wyatt et al.(23) reported that menorrhagia was confirmed objectively in 36% of their study group presenting with menorrhagia when only the sanitary products were assessed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA dose-response study of a novel, oral tranexamic formulation for heavy menstrual bleeding
Freeman, E. W., Lukes, A. S., VanDrie, D. M., Mabey, R. G., Gersten, J. K., & Adomako, T. L. (2011) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.05.015 · Cited by 44
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“a high level of accuracy by utilizing a pictogram to determine menstrual blood volume.(12) Researchers have previously reported on didactic programs that improve provider accuracy of estimated blood loss.”
MethodEl‐Nashar, S. A., Shazly, S. A., & Famuyide, A. O. (2015) · Gynecological Surgery · doi:10.1007/s10397-015-0893-5 · Cited by 39
“2001 [25].”
BackgroundMaybin, J. A., Battersby, S., Hirani, N., Nikitenko, L. L., Critchley, H., & Jabbour, H. N. (2011) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2010-1256 · Cited by 39
“There was 100% cross-reactivity for rat AM (1-50) and human AM (13-52) and mouse AM (1-50) but no reported cross-reactivity for endothelin-1, amilin, CGRP, CGRP-2, -atrial natriuretic peptide, or brain natriuretic peptide-32.”
BackgroundMethodPuerperal loss (lochia) in women with or without inherited bleeding disorders
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Toxqui, L., Pérez-Granados, A. M., Blanco-Rojo, R., Wright, I., & Vaquero, M. P. (2014) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6874-14-71 · Cited by 38
“Methods based on questionnaires for assessing MBL are reported to be in agreement with the gold standard alkaline hematin method [11,18].”
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Evaluation of the effect of uterine artery embolisation on menstrual blood loss and uterine volume
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“In the past, MBL has been assessed with the use of pictorial blood loss assessment charts(21) and more recently, using menstrual pictograms.(22) Previous studies assessing the efficacy of UAE have used menstrual diaries and questionnaires to determine changes in menstrual symptoms.”
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“The pictorial blood-loss assessment chart (PBAC) is a practical and objective method that has a high sensitivity and specificity when >100 score is accepted to define menorrhagia [24, 25].”
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Sulaiman, S., Khaund, A., McMillan, N. C., Moss, J. G., & Lumsden, M. A. (2004) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2003.10.027 · Cited by 38
“The objective definition of menorrhagia is taken as a menstrual blood loss (MBL) of 80 ml or greater and it is the women who suffer from this problem who are at increased risk of developing anaemia [6,7].”
BackgroundMawet, M., Nollevaux, F., Nizet, D., Wijzen, F., Gordenne, V., Tasev, N., Segedi, D., Marinescu, B., Enache, A., Parhomenko, V., et al. (2014) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.3109/13625187.2014.894184 · Cited by 37
Update on the management of abnormal uterine bleeding
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Qaraaty, M., Kamali, S. H., Hashem-Dabaghian, F., Zafarghandi, N., Mokaberinejad, R., Mobli, M., Amin, G., Naseri, M., Kamalinejad, M., Amin, M., et al. (2014) · DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1186/2008-2231-22-45 · Cited by 33
“The PBAC chart had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 88% in diagnosing menorrhagia (as defined in the alkaline hematin method) [33].”
BackgroundKouides, P. A., & Kadir, R. A. (2007) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02494.x · Cited by 33
Outcome Measures for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Quinn, S. D., & HIGHAM, J. M. (2015) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.15.85 · Cited by 32
Soy-based Infant Formula Feeding and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Among Young African American Women
Upson, K., Harmon, Q. E., Laughlin-Tommaso, S. K., Umbach, D. M., & Baird, D. D. (2016) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000508 · Cited by 32
“Bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral degree 62 (31) 379 (28) 22 (25) 174 (26)”
Skolmowska, D., & Głąbska, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911877 · Cited by 31
Xu, H., Li, P., Barrow, T. M., Colicino, E., Li, C., Song, R., Liu, H., Tang, N., Liu, S., Guo, L., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207929 · Cited by 30
“A menstrual pictogram was provided for all participants to evaluate their usual menstrual blood loss [5, 22], with the amount of menstrual blood loss estimated using the images and self-reported usual numbers of sanitary napkins or tampons used, which was categorized as light (<20 mL), medium (20-80mL), and heavy (>80…”
MethodUnderdiagnosed Menorrhagia in Adolescents is Associated with Underdiagnosed Anemia
Revel‐Vilk, S., Paltiel, O., Lipschuetz, M., Ilan, U., Hyam, E., Shai, E., Varon, D., & Revel, A. (2011) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.08.014 · Cited by 29
“This method is simple, cheap, and reasonably accurate for assessing menstrual blood loss with >80% specificity and sensitivity.(14,15) We hypothesized that by questioning a large group of adolescents regarding their menstrual bleeding patterns, we would be able to identify adolescents who are not aware that they have…”
MethodZhu, X., Wong, F., Bensoussan, A., Lo, S. K., Zhou, C., & Yu, J. (2010) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01250.x · Cited by 28
“Significant variation has been found between women in terms of menstrual blood loss during a menstrual period.(14,15) In the present study, participants were asked to rate their menstrual flow as either ‘heavy’, ‘medium’ or ‘light’, with the three levels of menstruation left undefined in the questionnaire.”
BackgroundCorrelates of women’s preferences for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding
Vuorma, S., Teperi, J., Hurskainen, R., Aalto, A., Rissanen, P., & Kujansuu, E. (2003) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(02)00069-1 · Cited by 28
Nutritional Recommendations for the Young Athlete
Hecht, C., Bank, N. C., Cook, B., & Mistovich, R. J. (2023) · Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · doi:10.55275/jposna-2023-599 · Cited by 27
“…the saturation of female hygiene products as a fully saturated light tampon holds up to 3 mL of fluid while a typical daytime fully soaked pad holds around 5 mL and a fully soaked overnight pad holds between 10–15 mL. 29,30 Additionally, adequate Vitamin C intake promotes increased iron absorption.”
How do anticoagulants impact menstrual bleeding and quality of life? - The PERIOD study
Patel, J. P., Nzelu, O., Roberts, L. N., Johns, J., Ross, J. A., & Arya, R. (2023) · Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100072 · Cited by 27
“[25], with a PBAC score >100 indicating HMB [26].”
BackgroundWarner, P., Weir, C. J., Hansen, C. H., Douglas, A. J., Madhra, M., Hillier, S. G., Saunders, P. T. K., Iredale, J. P., Semple, S. I. K., Walker, B. R., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006837 · Cited by 27
Menstrual questionnaires for clinical and research use
Matteson, K. A. (2016) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.09.009 · Cited by 26
Warner, P., Whitaker, L. H. R., Parker, R. A., Weir, C. J., Douglas, A., Hansen, C. H., Madhra, M., Hillier, S. G., Saunders, P. T. K., Iredale, J. P., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103434 · Cited by 26
Menstrual Technology Innovations and the Implications for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Liberty, A. L., Bannow, B. S., Matteson, K. A., Edelman, A. B., & Colwill, A. C. (2023) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000005126 · Cited by 25
Henry, C. E., & Filoche, S. K. (2023) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.14945 · Cited by 24
Waard, M. W., Ankum, W. M., Bonsel, G. J., Vos, J., Biewenga, P., & Bindels, P. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 24
Galectin-7 is important for normal uterine repair following menstruation
Evans, J., Yap, J., Gamage, T., Salamonsen, L. A., Dimitriadis, E., & Menkhorst, E. M. (2014) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gau032 · Cited by 24
“Pictogram assessments of menstrual blood loss (Wyatt et al., 2001) could be used in association with measurements of galectin-7 levels in menstrual fluid; however, this would be a complex study to analyse as the time period during which…”
MethodEstimation of menstrual blood loss volume based on menstrual diary and laboratory data
Schumacher, U., Schumacher, J., Mellinger, U., Gerlinger, C., Wienke, A., & Endrikat, J. (2012) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6874-12-24 · Cited by 24
Elsedeek, M. S.-E.-A. (2011) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.07.036 · Cited by 23
“Semi-quantitative assessment of menstrual blood loss using pictograms has revealed a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 89% compared with the alkaline hematin method [11,12].”
MethodRetractedCurrent and Emerging Medical Treatments for Uterine Fibroids
Chwalisż, K., & Taylor, H. S. (2017) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1606302 · Cited by 23
Coyne, K. S., Soliman, A. M., Margolis, M. K., Thompson, C. L., & Chwalisż, K. (2016) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2016.1248382 · Cited by 22
Magnay, J. L., Schönicke, G., Nevatte, T. M., O’Brien, S., & Junge, W. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.096 · Cited by 21
A new menstrual pictogram for use with feminine products that contain superabsorbent polymers
Magnay, J. L., Nevatte, T. M., Seitz, C., & O’Brien, S. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.08.028 · Cited by 21
Vaginal bleeding and nausea in early pregnancy as predictors of clinical pregnancy loss
DeVilbiss, E. A., Naimi, A. I., Mumford, S. L., Perkins, N. J., Sjaarda, L. A., Zolton, J. R., Silver, R. M., & Schisterman, E. F. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.002 · Cited by 23
Inki, P., Ling, X., Lee, B. S., Asif, S., & Kraemer, P. (2014) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s57470 · Cited by 20
Development of an Electronic Daily Uterine Fibroid Symptom Diary
Deal, L. S., Williams, V. S. L., & Fehnel, S. E. (2011) · Patient · doi:10.2165/11537290-000000000-00000 · Cited by 20
How I manage heavy menstrual bleeding
Pai, M., Chan, A. K. C., & Barr, R. D. (2013) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.12447 · Cited by 20
“For example, the pictorial blood assessment chart was found to correlate well with an alkaline haematin gold standard in initial development studies, but performed inconsistently in external validation studies (Higham et al, 1990; Reid et al, 2000; Wyatt et al, 2001; Zakherah et al, 2011).”
MethodPelvic applications of MR-guided high intensity focused ultrasound
Coakley, F. V., Foster, B. R., Farsad, K., Hung, A., Wilder, K. J., Amling, C. L., & Caughey, A. B. (2013) · Abdominal Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00261-013-9999-2 · Cited by 19
“For example menstrual blood loss can be quantified using the alkaline hematin test [14].”
MethodMenstruation distress is strongly associated with hormone-immune-metabolic biomarkers
Roomruangwong, C., Sirivichayakul, S., Matsumoto, A. K., Michelin, A. P., Semeão, L. D. O., Pedrão, J. V. D. L., Barbosa, D. S., Moreira, E. G., & Maes, M. H. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110355 · Cited by 18
Menstrual Pain and Elasticity of Uterine Cervix
Xholli, A., Simoncini, G., Vujosevic, S., Trombetta, G., Chiodini, A., Ferraro, M. F., & Cagnacci, A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10051110 · Cited by 18
Hémorragie secondaire du post-partum
Akladios, C. Y., Sananès, N., Gaudineau, A., Boudier, É., & Langer, B. (2014) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2014.10.008 · Cited by 18
Fathima, A., & Sultana, A. (2012) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2012.01.007 · Cited by 18
Relevance of quantitative assessment of bleeding in haemorrhagic disorders
Rodeghiero, F., Kadir, R. A., Tosetto, A., & James, P. (2008) · Haemophilia · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01714.x · Cited by 18
Larsen, L. M., Coyne, K. S., & Chwalisż, K. (2012) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719112463252 · Cited by 18
Matyas, R. A., Mumford, S. L., Schliep, K. C., Ahrens, K. A., Sjaarda, L. A., Perkins, N. J., Filiberto, A. C., Mattison, D. R., Zarek, S. M., Wactawski‐Wende, J., et al. (2015) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dev099 · Cited by 17
“Information about menstrual blood loss was assessed using a detailed menstrual flow questionnaire (Wyatt et al., 2001) where participants characterized their blood loss as low, medium or heavy (Dasharathy et al., 2012).”
MethodLowe, G., Fickowska, R., Ghaithi, R. A., Maclachlan, A., Harrison, P., Lester, W., Watson, S. P., Myers, B., Clark, J., & Morgan, N. V. (2018) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537104.2018.1543865 · Cited by 16
“HMB is common in women of reproductive age [2]”
BackgroundGuðmundsdóttir, B. R., HJALTALIN, E. F., Bragadóttir, G. H., Hauksson, A., Geirsson, R. T., & Onundarson, P. T. (2009) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016340802673162 · Cited by 16
“However, more recent research has questioned the accuracy of the PBAC (7,18,21) and, therefore, there remains a need for an alternative simple method.”
InfluentialMagnay, J. L., Nevatte, T. M., Dhingra, V., & O’Brien, S. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.061 · Cited by 15
Pedroso, J. C. M., Garcia, É. B., de Moraes, M. A. R., Veiga, D. F., & Ferreira, L. M. (2018) · The Lancet Haematology · doi:10.1016/s2352-3026(18)30071-1 · Cited by 16
Russo, C., Palumbo, M., Reppuccia, S., Iorio, G. G., Nocita, E., Monaco, G., Iacobini, F., Soreca, G., & Exacoustós, C. (2024) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-024-07729-2 · Cited by 14
“[7, 8] A PBAC score ≥ 150 [7] and a MP score ≥ 80 ml [9] were considered to describe heavy menstrual bleeding, whereas a PBAC score < 150 and a MP score < 80 ml were considered to describe normal menstrual bleeding.”
Yoon, S. H., Lee, G. J., Cho, H. J., Kwon, H., Yun, B. S., Lee, C. H., Park, H. S., & Roh, J. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033266 · Cited by 15
“[17,18] Dysmenorrhea was estimated by the highest number on the NRS during the last cycle of the menstrual period prior to diagnosis, and menorrhagia was identified by the amount of menstrual blood loss measured by the menstrual pictogram.[19] “Severe adenomyosis” was defined as a case in which a patient exhibits a di…”
MethodDeterminants and Assessment of Menstrual Blood Flow
Liang, J., Ali, F., Ramaiyer, M. S., & Borahay, M. A. (2023) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-023-00332-0 · Cited by 13
“PBAC is inexpensive and semi-quantitative, as it uses a scoring system qualitatively measured variables which accounts for number of feminine hygiene products and the degree of saturation of each item [91].”
BackgroundKhaleghinezhad, K., Golmakani, N., Dadgar, S., Hashempor, M., & Sharghi, N. B. (2015) · Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research · doi:10.4103/1735-9066.161005 · Cited by 13
“The total mean hemorrhage of the group with menstrual bleeding was 109 ml (15 – 836 ml).[13]”
BackgroundMoreillon, B., Equey, T., Astolfi, T., Salamin, O., & Faiss, R. (2022) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3218 · Cited by 10
Clinical perspectives on the menstrual pictogram for the assessment of heavy menstrual bleeding
Singh, S. S., Calaf, J., Vannuccini, S., Koga, K., Filho, A. L. D. S., Yang, X., Estrade, J.-P., & Catherino, W. H. (2022) · Human Reproduction Open · doi:10.1093/hropen/hoac048 · Cited by 12
“Following protocol modifications to simplify and improve the speed (Wyatt et al., 2001), the efficiency of blood extraction from a selection of sanitary products ranged from 75 to 107% (Magnay et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMatteson, K. A., Munro, M. G., & Fraser, I. S. (2011) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1287666 · Cited by 12
Mackenzie, A. C. L., Chung, S. R., Hoppes, E., Mickler, A. K., & Cartwright, A. F. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306491 · Cited by 11
(2015) · International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) · doi:10.12692/ijb/6.9.18-25 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Wyatt, K. M., Dimmock, P. W., Walker, T. J., & O’Brien, P. M. S.
- Affiliations
- Royal Stoke University Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wyatt, Katrina M
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 125-131
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981673830
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Platelet Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- menstrual blood loss, menorrhagia, menstrual products
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Gynecology, Hemin, Humans, Menorrhagia, Menstruation, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Menstrual Hygiene Products
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