The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Determination of total menstrual blood loss
Open accessAbstract
Objective To develop and validate a simple method of measuring total menstrual blood loss using a pictorial representation of blood loss, the menstrual pictogram.Design A prospective evaluation of total menstrual blood loss measurement by the menstrual pictogram compared to the alkaline hematin technique.Setting Academic menorrhagia research clinic.Patient(s) One hundred twenty-one women; 62 women complaining of heavy menstrual blood loss, 59 women who considered their menstrual blood loss to be normal.Intervention(s) Participants were asked to complete the menstrual pictogram through the period and collect their feminine hygiene products for an alkaline hematin assessment.Main outcome measure(s) Percentage agreement between blood loss measured by the gold standard alkaline hematin method and the menstrual pictogram. Extraneous blood loss was measured using a semiquantitative pictorial method.Result(s) The menstrual pictogram had a high level of agreement for blood collected on feminine hygiene products compared with the alkaline hematin method. Some women also lose a significantly large amount of extraneous blood, which is not proportional to the alkaline hematin blood loss assessment.Conclusion(s) The menstrual pictogram provides a simple means of measuring menstrual blood loss. It is no longer appropriate to ignore extraneous blood loss, particularly as there is no correlation between extraneous blood loss and that measured on feminine hygiene products.
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“Therefore, we have classified menstrual flow as spotting, light, moderate, and heavy using a previously validated menstrual pictogram (40).”
Citations
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“Care was taken to explain the procedure for collection (Fraser et al. 1985) but no allowance was made for inadvertent loss (Wyatt et al. 2001).”
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“The score is calculated in milliliters and is equivalent to the actual volume of blood lost (Wyatt et al., 2004). A validation study by Wyatt et al. (2001) suggested a significant positive correlation between a women’s ability to estimate her blood loss on sanitary wear using the menstrual pictogram and her actual blo…”
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“A PBAC score within the range of 45-100 is considered normal, while a score exceeding 100 indicates menometrorrhagia [22,23].”
BackgroundTreatment options for dysfunctional uterine bleeding: evaluation of clinical results
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“Although the technique is semiquantitative and there is poor correlation between actual loss and chart score [12], Higham’s pictorial chart flow is nowadays the most widely used method of assessing menstrual blood loss, although efforts are done from time to time to make the chart more accurate [13].”
MethodThe effect of plantain syrup on heavy menstrual bleeding: A randomized triple blind clinical trial
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“The PBAC has an acceptable diagnostic accuracy compared to objective measurement of MBL.”
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“Vaginal bleeding was recorded as none, spotting, light, moderate, or heavy using the menstrual pictogram developed by Wyatt et al.(14)”
MethodInyaAliu-Ayo, H., Adesina, K. T., Jimoh, A. A. G., Ikwuka, A. O., ChigozieUdeh, F., Biliaminu, S. A., & Ayo, O. W. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.31586/wjcmr.2023.787 · Cited by 5
“Therefore, for the purpose of this study, cases were assessed by the number of pads used, passage of clots, and duration of bleeding [73].”
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“Выраженность менструальной кровопотери определяли по иллюстрированной пиктограммме (Wyatt, 2001), позволяющей вычислять объем кровопотери по числу и насыщенности использованных гигиенических прокладок и тампонов [30].”
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“The menstrual blood volume was estimated using the Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire [12].”
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“…grading scores (IUAs), menstrual function recorded monthly based on the duration (days), volume (pads/day) and frequency (days) of menstrual bleedingwiththePictorialBloodAssessmentChart 13 ,andreproductive outcomes after treatment measured by pregnancy, miscarriage, ongoing and live birth rates.”
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“A total PBAC score of > 100 correlates to 80 mL of blood over the duration of menstruation, which is the classical definition of heavy menstrual bleeding (Wyatt et al. 2001; Magnay et al. 2020).”
Is Menstruation a Valid Reason to Postpone Cardiac Surgery?
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“[16] Heavy menstrual bleeding is defined as bleeding for more than seven days or measured blood loss of more than 80 ml.[16] In the present study, the baseline preoperative menstrual blood loss was calculated and correlated with menstrual blood loss in the perioperative setting in order to evaluate whether the anticoa…”
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“The visual pictogram or menstrual pictogram method The visual pictogram or menstrual pictogram method has been used for many years.(19) It consists of using a maplike comparison (Fig.”
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“El PBAC tiene una especificidad de 89 % y una sensibilidad de 86 %.(15,16) Hay estudios que han demostrado como el incremento en las pérdidas sanguíneas menstruales altera los valores de ferritina sérica y hemoglobina, a partir de pérdidas menstruales de 60 a 80 ml por ciclo (promedio de 76.”
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“The Blood Loss Measured published by Katrina M Wyatt in 2001 (16) was adopted.”
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“(5) Menstrual flow after menstruation recovery: assessed using the weighed sanitary pad method, with all used pads weighed and net menstrual blood loss estimated after subtracting the dry-pad weight; values were then categorized into three levels: heavy, medium, and light (24).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wyatt, K. M., Dimmock, P. W., Walker, T. J., & O’Brien, P. M. S.
- Affiliations
- Royal Stoke University Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wyatt, Katrina M
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 125-131
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981673830
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Platelet Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- menstrual blood loss, menorrhagia, menstrual products
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Gynecology, Hemin, Humans, Menorrhagia, Menstruation, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Menstrual Hygiene Products
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