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Gastrin and colorectal cancer: A prospective study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gastrin is a putative promoter of colorectal carcinomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal relationship between gastrinemia and development of colorectal malignancy. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study among 128,992 subscribers to a health maintenance program who had participated in a multiphasic health checkup between 1964 and 1969. Serum had been frozen since the checkup and the cohort followed up for cancer. Of 1881 incident colorectal carcinoma cases, 250 were randomly selected; 1 control without cancer was matched to each case by age, sex, education, and date of serum collection. Stored sera were tested for Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G and for gastrin and glycine-extended gastrin. RESULTS: Verified cases included 166 colon cancers, 58 rectal cancers, and 9 with cancer in both locations. A mean of 15.3 years had elapsed between serum collection and diagnosis of cancer. Median gastrin levels were similar in cases and controls (41.7 vs. 40.7 pg/mL). However, a gastrin level above normal was associated with increased risk for colorectal malignancy (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-9.8). If this association is causal, 8.6% of colorectal cancers could be attributed to high serum gastrin level. CONCLUSIONS: Hypergastrinemia is associated with an increased risk of colorectal carcinoma.
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“Last, chronic hypergastrinemia, typically present during PPI use, can promote the growth of malignant colonic epithelial cells, facilitating the deleterious sequencing adenoma-carcinoma[151-153].”
From Proton pump inhibitors and dysbiosis: current knowledge and aspects to be clarified (2019) · cites this paper as [152]
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“Because of the possible link between hypergastrinemia and colonic adenomatous polyps or colon cancer, it is likely that hypergastrinemia is mitogenic to human colon mucosa, and promote colonic carcinogenesis [6–11].”
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Increased Risk for Colon Polyps in Patients with Reflux Disease
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“Other potential mechanisms include treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease with potent antisecretory medication, which can lead to gastrinemia and may thus provide a growth stimulus for the colonic mucosa [15].”
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“A large nested case-control study of CRC and gastrin evaluated gastrin levels in subjects before cancer development(40).”
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No higher risk for colorectal cancer in atrophic gastritis-related hypergastrinemia
Lahner, E., Sbrozzi-Vanni, A., Vannella, L., Corleto, V. D., Giulio, E. D., Fave, G. D., & Annibale, B. (2012) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2012.04.012 · Cited by 12
Proton pump inhibitors and odds of cholangiocarcinoma: A retrospective case‐control study
Xiong, J., Wang, Y., Xu, W., Liu, Z., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Han, Y., Yin, C., Cao, S., Yang, Z., et al. (2020) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.14663 · Cited by 10
Gastrin stabilises β-catenin protein in mouse colorectal cancer cells
Song, D. H., Kaufman, J., Borodyansky, L., Albanese, C., Pestell, R. G., & Wolfe, M. M. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602509 · Cited by 12
“A prospective study by Thorburn et al (1998) suggested that hypergastrinemia is associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC), and numerous studies have demonstrated that gastrin stimulates the growth of malignant colorectal adenocarcinomas (Wang et al, 1996; Malecka-Panas et al,…”
BackgroundCirculating gastrin is increased in hemochromatosis
Smith, K., Kovac, S., Anderson, G. J., Shulkes, A., & Baldwin, G. S. (2006) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.021 · Cited by 12
Bombski, G., Gąsiorowska, A., Orszulak–Michalak, D., Neneman, B., Kotynia, J., Strzelczyk, J., Janiak, A., & Malecka-Panas, E. I. (2002) · International Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer · doi:10.1385/ijgc:31:1-3:155 · Cited by 12
“In the prospective study, which included more than 120,000 healthy subjects, an elevated plasma gastrin level was demonstrated to positively correlate with the increased risk of colorectal cancer occurrence ( 35 ).”
BackgroundHori, H., Nakata, H., Iguchi, G., Yamada, H., Chihara, K., & Baba, H. (2003) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(03)00021-0 · Cited by 12
Gastrin and Helicobacter pylori in Low-grade MALT Lymphoma Patients
Ohashi, S., Segawa, K., Okamura, S., Urano, F., Kanamori, S., Hosoi, T., Ishikawa, H., Kanamori, A., Kitabatake, S., Sano, H., et al. (2002) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/003655202317284174 · Cited by 12
Feng, L., Zhao, K., Wang, G., Dong, R., Zhang, M., Xia, S., Zhang, Y., Zhou, W., Tian, D., Wei, Y., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.80543 · Cited by 11
Gastrimmune‐induced antigastrin‐17 antibodies inhibit acid secretion in a rat fistula model
Smith, A. M., Morris, T., Justin, T. A., Michaeli, D., & Watson, S. A. (2001) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01081.x · Cited by 11
Extragastric Effects of Gastrin Gene Knock‐Out Mice
Koh, T. J. (2002) · Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910615.x · Cited by 11
Increasing Concerns About Chronic Proton Pump Inhibitor Use
Svoboda, A. C. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-200107000-00002 · Cited by 11
Atrophic gastritis and the risk of incident colorectal cancer
Laiyemo, A. O., Kamangar, F., Marcus, P. M., Taylor, P. R., Virtamo, J. R. K., Albanes, D., & Stolzenberg‐Solomon, R. Z. (2009) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9446-4 · Cited by 10
“colorectal neoplasia have also shown inconsistent results with some, [13–16] but not all, [4, 17–19] reporting posi-”
Correlation between serum gastrin and cellular proliferation in Barrett’s esophagus
Green, D. A., Mlynarczyk, C. M., Vaccaro, B. J., Capiak, K. M., Quante, M., Lightdale, C. J., & Abrams, J. A. (2010) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/1756283x10392444 · Cited by 10
“In addition, hypergastrinemia has been associated with an increased risk of developing certain human neoplasms, such as colorectal cancer [Georgopoulos et al. 2006; Thorburn et al. 1998].”
BackgroundInfluentialPPARα agonists stimulate progastrin production in human colorectal carcinoma cells
Lachal, S., Ford, J., Shulkes, A., & Baldwin, G. S. (2004) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2004.03.015 · Cited by 10
Gastrin as an autocrine growth factor in colorectal carcinoma: implications for therapy
Baldwin, G. S. (1998) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v4.i6.461 · Cited by 10
Ciprofibrate stimulates the gastrin-producing cell by acting luminally on antral PPAR-α
Martinsen, T. C., Bakke, I., Chen, D., Sandvik, A. K., Zahlsen, K., Aamo, T. O., & Waldum, H. L. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00268.2005 · Cited by 9
“Elevated gastrin concentrations are also suggested to be a risk factor for colorectal cancer (66), and circulating concentrations of nonamidated gastrin precursors are increased in patients with such disease (11).”
BackgroundLee, C., Lin, T.-H., Lin, C., Kuo, C., Pai, B. C.-J., Cheng, H., Lai, C.-C., & Chen, T. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10010169 · Cited by 9
Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and colorectal polyps
Basmacı, N., Karataş, A., Ergin, M., & Dumlu, Ş. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000035591 · Cited by 9
Gastrins, iron and colorectal cancer
Baldwin, G. S. (2009) · Metallomics · doi:10.1039/b909112m · Cited by 9
Gastrin stimulates the VEGF-A promotor in a human colon cancer cell line
Ellrichmann, M., Ritter, P. R., Schrader, H., Schmidt, W. E., Meier, J. J., & Schmitz, F. (2010) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2010.06.004 · Cited by 9
Determinants of basal plasma gastrin levels in the general population
Peach, H. G., & Barnett, N. E. (2000) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02347.x · Cited by 9
Secondary malignancy in patients with sporadic neuroendocrine neoplasia
Krausch, M., Raffel, A., Anlauf, M., Schott, M., Lehwald, N., Krieg, A. H., Kröpil, F., Cupisti, K., & Knoefel, W. T. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9911-4 · Cited by 9
Hu, J., Wu, J.-J., Hsu, C., Chen, Y., Tian, Y., Chang, P.-K., Chen, C.-Y., Chou, Y., & Sun, C. (2021) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-021-03873-2 · Cited by 8
“control study reported that hypergastrinemia was associated with an increased risk of CRC in humans [36].”
BackgroundLi, W., Zhang, L., Jing, Y., Yang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.889417 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Thorburn*, C. M., Friedman‡, G. D., Dickinson§, C. J., Vogelman∥, J. H., Orentreich∥, N., & Parsonnet*, #.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 275-280
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029989332
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03ca065801-01a1, DK34933)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK034933)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Genetic factors in colorectal cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Helicobacter pylori-related gastroenterology studies
- Keywords
- gastrin, hypergastrinemia, colorectal cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, serum gastrin, cancer risk, Helicobacter pylori, glycine-extended gastrin, temporal relations
- MeSH terms
- Colonic Neoplasms, Female, Gastrins, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Rectal Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Colorectal Neoplasms, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
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