Elections and the timing of devaluations
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a rational political budget cycle model where devaluation acts as a tax on consumption due to a cash-in-advance constraint. Competent governments can signal their competency by reducing the rate of devaluation prior to elections. When voters also ignore the degree to which governments are opportunistic, i.e. the extent to which they are willing to distort the economy for electoral gain, an incompetent, opportunistic incumbent can reduce the rate of devaluation in the run-up to an election. The main theoretical implication in either setup, that the rate of devaluation is significantly higher in the months following an election, is consistent with evidence drawn from 26 countries in Latin America.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The experimental setup resembles the setup with two-dimensional asymmetric information in Stein and Streb (2004).
“This setup resembles the setup with two-dimensional asymmetric information inStein and StrebStreb (2004)”
From Transparency and Trust in Government. Evidence from a Survey Experiment (2021) · cites this paper as Stein and StrebStreb (2004)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nordhaus, W. D. (1975) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2296528 · Cited by 3,958 · see citing works
On the Determination of the Public Debt
Barro, R. J. (1979) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260807 · Cited by 3,313 · see citing works
Foundations of International Macroeconomics
Froyen, R. T., Obstfeld, M., & Rogoff, K. (1997) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/1061063 · Cited by 2,984 · see citing works
Equilibrium Political Budget Cycles
Rogoff, K. (1987) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w2428 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
Elections and Macroeconomic Policy Cycles
Rogoff, K., & Sibert, A. (1988) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297526 · Cited by 1,654 · see citing works
Whalley, J., Atkinson, A. B., & Stiglitz, J. E. (1982) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2553530 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy
Alesina, A., Roubini, N., & Cohen, G. D. (1997) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5437.001.0001 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic
Sargent, T. J. (1981) · Quarterly Review · doi:10.21034/qr.531 · Cited by 1,541 · see citing works
Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic
Sargent, T. J., & Wallace, N. (1984) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-06284-3_2 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Game Theory for Applied Economists
Gibbons, R. S. (1992) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400835881 · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works
Political Control of the Economy.
Grand, J. L., & Tufte, E. R. (1979) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2553106 · Cited by 1,306 · see citing works
The Mirage of Fixed Exchange Rates
Obstfeld, M., & Rogoff, K. (1995) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.9.4.73 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Fiscal Policy in Latin America
Gavin, M., & Perotti, R. (1997) · NBER Macroeconomics Annual · doi:10.1086/654320 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Macroeconomic Policy, Credibility and Politics
Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203714942 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Electoral Competition with Informed and Uninformed Voters
Baron, D. P. (1994) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2944880 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
EQUILIBRIUM IN A PURE CURRENCY ECONOMY
Lucas, R. E. (1980) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1980.tb00570.x · Cited by 584 · see citing works
The Political Business Cycle after 25 Years
Allan Drazen, Y. (2000) · NBER Macroeconomics Annual · doi:10.1086/654407 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Political Survival: Politicians and Public Policy in Latin America
Epstein, E., & Ames, B. (1988) · Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs · doi:10.2307/166063 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Temporary Stabilization: Predetermined Exchange Rates
Calvo, G. A. (1986) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261435 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
On Modes of Economic Governance
Dixit, A. K. (2003) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00415 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Explaining the duration of exchange-rate pegs
Klein, M. W., & Marion, N. P. (1997) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-3878(97)00048-5 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Lessons of Economic Stabilization and Its Aftermath
Feldman, D., Bruno, M. J. S., Fischer, S., Helpman, E., Liviatan, N., & Meridor, L. (1992) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/1060543 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Currency Game: Exchange Rate Politics in Latin America
Stein, E. H., Salazar, N., Steiner, R., Díaz‐Bonilla, E., Bonomo, M., Jaramillo, J. C. C., Schamis, H. E., Pascó-Font, A., Ghezzi, P., Terra, C., et al. (2001) · Inter-American Development Bank eBooks · doi:10.18235/0012392 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Currency game: exchange rate politics in Latin America
Stein, E. H., Salazar, N., Steiner, R., Díaz-Bonilla, E., Bonomo, M., Jaramillo, J. C., Schamis, H. E., Pascó-Front, A., Ghezzi, P., Terra, C., et al. (2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-5286 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Political Economy of Infaliton and Stabilization in Developing Countries
Edwards, S. (1993) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w4319 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
THE YEARS OF PLENTY AND THE YEARS OF FAMINE?A POLITICAL BUSINESS CYCLE?
Ben-Porath, Y. (1975) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1975.tb01952.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Political Control of the Economy.
Havrilesky, T. M., & Tufte, E. R. (1979) · Journal of money credit and banking · doi:10.2307/1992059 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Political stabilization cycles in high-inflation economies
Stein, E. H., & Streb, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-3878(98)00057-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Political Economy of Inflation and Stabilization in Developing Countries
Edwards, S. (1994) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/452079 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
More on the time consistency of monetary policy
Nicolini, J. P. (1998) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-3932(97)00079-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Politics and Exchange Rates: A Cross-Country Approach
Frieden, J., Ghezzi, P., & Stein, E. H. (2001) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Political Economy of Exchange Rate Policy in Latin America
Frieden, J. (2000) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Intertemporal consumption substitution and inflation stabilization:An empirical investigation
Reinhart, C., & Végh, C. A. (1994) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
More on the time inconsistency of optimal monetary policyPreprint
Nicolini, J. P. (1993) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Signaling in Political Cycles: How Far are You Willing to Go?Preprint
Streb, J. M. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1026405 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 40 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Atkinson, Anthony, and Joseph Stiglitz, 1980, Lectures on public economics, New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Heymann, Daniel, 1991, 'From sharp disinflation to hyperinflation, twice: the Argentina experience', in Michael Bruno et al., eds., Lessons of Economic Stabilization and its Aftermath, Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Nordhaus, William, 1975, 'The political business cycle', Review of Economic Studies 42, 169-190.
- Svenson, Lars, 1983, 'Money and asset prices in cash-in-advance economies', Journal of Political Economy 93, 914-944.
- Weinschelbaum, Federico, 1998, 'The triangle of corruption', Ph.D dissertation, UCLA.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Retrospective Voting Reconsidered
Healy, A., & Malhotra, N. (2013) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-212920 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Financial Crises and the Politics of Macroeconomic Adjustments
Walter, S. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139236812 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Walter, S. (2015) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414015617967 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Political and Fiscal Risk Determinants of Sovereign Spreads in Emerging Markets
Baldacci, E., Gupta, S., & Mati, A. (2011) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00606.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Transparency and Trust in Government. Evidence from a Survey Experiment
Alessandro, M., Cardinale Lagomarsino, B., Scartascini, C., Streb, J., & Torrealday, J. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105223 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational political risk and government bond pricing
Huang, T., Wu, F., Yu, J., & Zhang, B. (2014) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.08.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Electoral Business Cycles in OECD Countries
Canes‐Wrone, B., & Park, J.-K. (2012) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055411000529 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Sustaining Fixed Rates: The Political Economy of Currency Pegs in Latin America
Blomberg, S. B., Frieden, J., & Stein, E. H. (2005) · Journal of Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/15140326.2005.12040625 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationMonetary Policy in Emerging Markets
Frankel, J. A. (2010) · Handbook of monetary economics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53454-5.00013-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Allan Drazen, Y., & Eslava, M. (2006) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w12190 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
DEMOCRACY AND DE FACTO EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES
Bearce, D. H., & Hallerberg, M. (2011) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.2011.00381.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Parliamentary Politics and Foreign Exchange Markets: The World According to GARCH
Leblang, D. A., & Bernhard, W. T. (2006) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00393.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Walter, S., Ray, A., & Redeker, N. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.001.0001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Walter, S. (2008) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00837.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Do Political Budget Cycles Differ in Latin American Democracies?
Barberia, L., & Avelino, G. (2011) · Economía · doi:10.1353/eco.2011.0001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
ELECTIONS AND EXCHANGE RATE POLICY CYCLES
Bonomo, M., & Terra, C. (2005) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.2005.00150.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kleine, M. O., & Minaudier, C. (2017) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s000712341600051x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chiu, E. M. P., & Willett, T. D. (2009) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00566.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
REAL EXCHANGE RATE CYCLES AROUND ELECTIONS
Stein, E. H., Streb, J. M., & Ghezzi, P. (2005) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/j.0954-1985.2005.00155.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationUnpaved Road Ahead: The Consequences of Election Cycles for Capital Expenditures
Pierskalla, J. H., & Sacks, A. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/694547 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Process of Reform in Latin America
Dayton‐Johnson, J., Vélez, J. L., & Parra, S. N. (2011) · OECD Development Centre working papers · doi:10.1787/5kg3mkvfcjxv-en · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Elections, exchange rates and reform in Latin America
Cermeño, R., Grier, R. M., & GRIER, K. B. (2009) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.03.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sattler, T., & Walter, S. (2010) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.2010.00367.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
External Influence on Exchange Rates: An Empirical Investigation of US Pressure and the Chinese RMB
Weiss, J. C., & Wichowsky, A. (2016) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2018.1511446 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Signaling in Political Budget Cycles: How Far Are You Willing to Go?
Streb, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Public Economic Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9779.2005.00202.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationDelaying the inevitable: A political economy approach to currency defenses and depreciation
Walter, S., & Willett, T. D. (2010) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2010.514524 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Temporal Aggregation in Political Budget Cycles
Streb, J. M., Lema, D., & Garofalo, P. (2012) · Economía · doi:10.1353/eco.2012.a485603 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobalization and exchange rate policy
Frieden, J. (2007) · doi:10.4324/9780203946527-32 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chow, S. C., Gupta, R., Suleman, M. T., & Wong, W. (2019) · Journal of Reviews on Global Economics · doi:10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.21 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Temporal Aggregation in Political Budget Cycles
Streb, J. M., Lema, D., & Garofalo, P. (2012) · Economía · doi:10.31389/eco.115 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEngineering Good Times: Fiscal Manipulation in a Global Economy
O’Mahony, A. (2010) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123410000438 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Playing with Fire: Pre-Electoral Fiscal Manipulation and the Risk of a Speculative Attack
Nyblade, B., & O’Mahony, A. (2014) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/isqu.12168 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rodríguez, J., & Santisó, J. (2008) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512107085613 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Globalization and exchange rate policy
Frieden, J. (2007) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203946527.ch18 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Frankel, J. A. (2004) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
OECD (2008) · Development Centre studies · doi:10.1787/9789264045590-en · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Inequality and Real Exchange Rates
Kocherlakota, N., & Pistaferri, L. (2008) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/jeea.2008.6.2-3.597 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Razmi, A. (2020) · Journal of Post Keynesian Economics · doi:10.1080/01603477.2020.1840278 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Huang, S., & Terra, C. (2016) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/ecpo.12073 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sattler, T., & Walter, S. (2008) · Politische Vierteljahresschrift · doi:10.1007/s11615-008-0107-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rodríguez, J., & Santisó, J. (2007) · OECD Development Centre working papers · doi:10.1787/241233837210 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Are dollars popular? The Fed’s currency swap arrangements and recipient governments’ popularity
Park, Y., & Shim, S. (2025) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2025.2522137 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Honesty, Lemons, and Symbolic SignalsPreprint
Streb, J. M., & Torrens, G. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2120779 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPolitical Risk and Sovereign Bond PricingPreprint
Huang, T., Wu, F., Yu, J., & Zhang, B. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2312188 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Assessing the Impact of Different Nominal Anchors on the Credibility of Stabilisation Programmes
Prazmowski, P. A., & Sánchez‐Fung, J. R. (2014) · Journal of Applied Economics · doi:10.1016/s1514-0326(14)60016-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Job Market Signaling under Two-Dimensional Asymmetric Information
Streb, J. M. (2002) · El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDemocracy and International Exchange Rate Regime CommitmentsPreprint
Bearce, D. H. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1917021 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Policy Responses to Speculative Attacks Before and after Elections: Theory and EvidencePreprint
Walter, S. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.924156 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aizenman, J., & Saadaoui, J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5025626 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aizenman, J., & Saadaoui, J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5023372 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Elections and The Real Exchange Rate Volatility In Turkey (1992-2014)
Gerni, C., Buzdağlı, Ö., Özdemir, D., & Emsen, Ö. S. (2016) · Uluslararası Avrasya ekonomileri konferansı · doi:10.36880/c07.01553 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Razmi, A. (2021) · Manchester School · doi:10.1111/manc.12390 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aizenman, J., & Saadaoui, J. (2026) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/ecpo.70047 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Distributive Conflict and Interest Group Preferences in Deficit Countries
Walter, S., Ray, A., & Redeker, N. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.003.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Real Exchange Rate Policy Trilemma in Surplus-Labor Developing Economies
Razmi, A. (2021) · Journal of Globalization and Development · doi:10.1515/jgd-2021-0007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Electoral Cycles in International Reserves: Evidence from Latin America and the OECDPreprint
Streb, M. J., Lema, D., & Garofalo, P. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2425787 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
La tendencia a la bipolarización de los regímenes cambiarios
Alcón, J. R. I. (2017) · El Trimestre Económico · doi:10.20430/ete.v74i296.388
Political Cycle, Real Exchange Rate and Aggregate Supply in MexicoPreprint
Gámez, C. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2163039
Special Interests, Regime Choice, and Currency CollapsePreprint
Lim, J. J. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Malik, F. I. M. F. I. (2013) · IOSR Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.9790/487x-0728993
A taxa de câmbio no Mercosul: uma análise sob a ótica de ciclos políticos eleitorais
Teles, C. A., Haber, J. A., & D’Amato, S. W. (2018) · Economia Ensaios · doi:10.14393/ree-v32n2a2018-4
Electoral cycles, stock market volatility and exchange rate: The indissoluble trivet
Eboigbe, S. U., & Imagbe, V. (2020) · Journal of Research in Emerging Markets · doi:10.30585/jrems.v2i2.385
Broken Promises: Regime Announcements and Exchange Rates around Elections
Garofalo, P., & Streb, J. M. (2021) · Economía · doi:10.31389/eco.224
Self-citationCrisis Politics in Surplus Countries
Walter, S., Ray, A., & Redeker, N. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.003.0007
Putting the Eurozone Crisis Experience in Perspective
Reinke, R., Walter, S., Ray, A., & Redeker, N. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.003.0002
Walter, S., Ray, A. I., & Redeker, N. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.003.0001
Crisis Politics in Deficit Countries
Walter, S., Ray, A., & Redeker, N. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.003.0004
Surplus Country Vulnerability to Rebalancing
Reinke, R., Redeker, N., Walter, S., & Ray, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.003.0005
Financer le développement 2008
OCDE (2008) · Études du Centre de développement/Etudes du Centre de développement · doi:10.1787/9789264046757-fr
Eslava, M., & Streb, J. M. (2011) · Economía · doi:10.1353/eco.2011.0006
Self-citationWalter, S., Ray, A., & Redeker, N. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.003.0008
(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802297-9.00020-8
Distributive Conflict and Interest Group Preferences in Surplus Countries
Walter, S., Ray, A., & Redeker, N. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857013.003.0006
Affektive Polarisierung und ökonomisches Wählen
Stövsand, L.-C. (2024) · doi:10.21248/gups.88336
(Un)Expected Political Outcomes and Currency MarketsPreprint
Filippou, I., Li, J., & Liu, X. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5143792
Exchange rate policy cycles in Turkish presidential elections
Akarsu, M. Z., & Seçilmiş, E. (2025) · Applied Economics Letters · doi:10.1080/13504851.2025.2473663
- Authors
- Stein, E. H., & Streb, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Inter-American Development Bank (US)
- Universidad del Centro de Estudios Macroeconómicos de Argentina (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Streb, Jorge M.
- ORCID
- Stein, Ernesto H.
- Venue
- Journal of International Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-145
- ISSN
- 0022-1996 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2162223422
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- revistas.unlp.edu.ar
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of International Economics (publishedVersion)
- Económica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Fiscal Policies and Political Economy
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Global Financial Crisis and Policies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
- Keywords
- political budget cycles, currency devaluation, elections, government competence, cash-in-advance constraint, consumption tax, voting behavior, Latin America
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
