Fetal phallic growth and penile standards for newborn male infants
Abstract
No appreciable difference in size of the fetal clitoris versus the fetal penis was noted until 14 weeks' gestation, which is after the period of masculine differentiation of the external genitals. However, significant differences in the rate of penile and clitoral growth were evident in second trimester fetuses. The majority of the prenatal growth of the penis occurs after 14 weeks gestation at an almost linear rate. The penile stretched length of the full-term infant was 3.5 cm plus or minus 0.7 cm and the diameter was 1.1 cm plus or minus 0.2 cm.
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Appropriate evaluation of male external genitalia requires standard reference data to diagnose abnormalities such as micropenis, hypogonadism, buried penis, and endocrine disorders.
“Therefore, appropriate evaluation requires the standard reference data which can be used to diagnose the abnormalities which may indicate the disorders or differences of sexual development [3-5].”
From Stretched Penile Length and Penile Circumference in Pediatric Population of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Single-Center Study (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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Cinaz, P., Yeşilkaya, E., Onganlar, Y. H., Boyraz, M., Bideci, A., Çamurdan, O., & Karaoğlu, A. B. (2012) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02386.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
One-year follow-up of penis and testis sizes of healthy Turkish male newborns
Semiz, S., Küçüktaşçı, K., Zencir, M., & Sevinç, Ö. (2011) · The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.24953/turkjpediatr.2011.1837 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“There are some studies in the literature reporting PD from different populations (2,5,10,14).”
BackgroundA cross-sectional study of stretched penile length in boys from West Bengal, India
Bhattacharjee, R., Roy, A., Chakraborty, P., Goswami, S., Biswas, K., Mukhopadhyay, P., & Chowdhury, S. (2019) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_51_19 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Shahzad, B., Fatima, B., Bashir, M. K., Waheed, M. R., Zafar, Z., & Zaidi, S. S. H. (2026) · National Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.21089/njhs.112.0084
- Authors
- Feldman, K. W., & Smith, D. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, David W.
- ORCID
- Feldman, Kenneth W.
- Venue
- The Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1975-03
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 395-398
- ISSN
- 0022-3476 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2045672085
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urological Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Genital Health and Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- clitoris, penile length, gestational age, male differentiation
- MeSH terms
- Clitoris, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Male, Penis, Pregnancy
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