The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cortisol levels rapidly increase within the first 30 minutes after awakening. This response is rather robust over weeks or months and is altered by chronic stress and burnout. The present study investigated to what extent the cortisol response to awakening relates to responses following hCRH, ACTH(1-24), or psychosocial stress challenges in 22 healthy subjects. Furthermore, a 12-hour circadian cortisol profile was obtained to compare the morning response with cortisol levels obtained throughout the day. Results show that the morning cortisol response was of similar magnitude to that following injection of 1 microg/kg h-CRH or exposure to a brief psychosocial stressor (TSST). All of these were significantly smaller compared to maximal stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ACTH(1-24). Correlation analyses revealed that the morning cortisol response was closely related only to the cortisol response following 0.25 mg ACTH(1-24) (r=0.63, p=0.002). We conclude that the morning cortisol response to awakening can provide important information on the (re)activity of the HPA axis in addition to more 'traditional' methods like hCRH or Synacthen challenge tests. The sensitivity/capacity of the adrenal cortex appears to play a crucial role for the magnitude of cortisol responses observed after awakening.
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“The stable level may be explained by a diurnal effect. While the CORT levels showed the highest concentration in the morning, they decreased during the waking hours and reached the lowest level in the evening (Schmidt-Reinwald et al., 1999). Given that the choir rehearsal took place between 8.30 and 9.30 p.m., it is possible that the secretion dynamics of CORT were restricted at this time of day.”
From Psychobiological Effects of Choral Singing on Affective State, Social Connectedness, and Stress: Influences of Singing Activity and Time Course (2018) · cites this paper as Schmidt-Reinwald et al., 1999
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Cites
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Self-citationTwenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects
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Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
The cortisol awakening response (CAR): Facts and future directions
Fries, E., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014 · Cited by 1,188
Self-citationThe effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress
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Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.004 · Cited by 1,032
Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Expert consensus guidelines
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt-Reinwald, A., Pruessner, J. C., Hellhammer, D. H., Federenko, I., Rohleder, N., Schürmeyer, T. H., & Kirschbaum, C.
- Affiliations
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kirschbaum, C.
- Venue
- Life Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1653-1660
- ISSN
- 0024-3205 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038352072
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- cortisol awakening response, diurnal cortisol rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic stress, burnout
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Saliva, Sleep, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors
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