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The Staging and Surgery of Musculoskeletal Neoplasms
Abstract
This review has outlined the surgical staging of benign and malignant musculoskeletal neoplasms. Based on their unique natural history, these neoplasms behave in a predictable fashion. The surgical staging system assigns progressively higher degrees of risks to the neoplasms based on their surgical grade, their anatomic location, and the presence or absence of metastases. The staging system articulates well with preoperative planning, defining the margins needed for local tumor control. Because surgery distorts most of the imaging modalities available, all clinical staging studies must be completed before surgical intervention. As more data accrue as to the importance of DNA ploidy, genetic markers, and other characteristics, it is likely they will play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal neoplasms in the future.
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“Staging is guided primarily by the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) staging system for sarcomas 108 , which defines tumours as being either low or high grade, confined to an anatomic compartment or violating anatomic barriers, and localized or metastatic.”
From Osteosarcoma (2022) · cites this paper as [108]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wolf, R. E., & Enneking, W. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Louisville (US)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Enneking, William F.
- Venue
- Orthopedic Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 473-481
- ISSN
- 0030-5898 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2467947662
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Orthopedic Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Sarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- musculoskeletal neoplasms, surgical staging, preoperative staging, metastasis, surgical margins, local tumor control, benign and malignant tumors, DNA ploidy, genetic markers, surgical planning
- MeSH terms
- Bone Neoplasms, Child, Extremities, Humans, Neoplasm Staging, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Muscle Neoplasms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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