The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relationship between physicochemical variables and productivity in open ponds for the production of Spirulina: a predictive model of algal yield
Abstract
Spirulina is one of the most extensively used microalgae for animal and human nutrition; its main interest is centered in its high protein content, 60-65% on a dry weight basis. In this study, Spirulina was grown in open raceway ponds, and several physicochemical (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, conductivity and irradiance) and biological (e.g., biomass concentration and yield) variables were studied. The variables were correlated in order to implement a mathematical model to predict algal yield. Dissolved oxygen concentration in the cultivation ponds ranged between 10 mg l-1 in winter (115% of O2 saturation) and 30 mg l-1 in summer (375% of O2 saturation); a clear decrease of biomass concentration was found when dissolved oxygen was >25 mg l-1. Neither biomass concentration nor productivity was saturated at the maximum temperature achieved in the open pond during this study (approximately 28 °C). The pH seemed to control both the maximal algal density in the pond and the productivity that were found to be maximum at pH values below 10.5. Finally, all the variables were positively correlated with irradiance. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed recognition of different sets of samples characterized by a combination of temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, biomass, productivity, irradiance and conductivity. This method helped to predict a significant loss of productivity in the open ponds in mid-summer due to high pH and high-dissolved O2 concentration.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Along with these advantages, however, there are also a number of disadvantages such as low biomass productivity [8,9] due to the frequent evaporation of water from the reservoir [10] and pollution.”
From Application of Arthrospira platensis for Medicinal Purposes and the Food Industry: A Review of the Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“However, they do not allow for reaching high biomass productivity, owing to the difficulty of keeping the optimum temperature; thus, they are restricted to the tropical and sub-tropical regions [28].”
From Arthrospira platensis Cultivation in a Bench-Scale Helical Tubular Photobioreactor (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The application of this method aided the prediction of significant loss of productivity in the open ponds, resulting from high pH and high-dissolved O2 concentration during summer.”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“Jiménez et al. [86] studied the relationship between physicochemical variables and productivity of Spirulina sp. in open ponds.”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“PCA was used to assess different sets of samples characterized by a combination of temperature, DO concentration, pH, biomass productivity, irradiance and conductivity, with 240 cases included in the analysis.”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“From the results it was deduced that pH and salinity led to loss in productivity in open ponds around mid-summer, incidence with high rates of dissolved oxygen.”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
Citations
Cites
Spirulina Platensis Arthrospira
(1997) · doi:10.1201/9781482272970 · Cited by 704
Current knowledge on potential health benefits of Spirulina
Belay, A., Ota, Y., Miyakawa, K., & Shimamatsu, H. (1993) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/bf00004024 · Cited by 465
Biotechnology of algal biomass production: a review of systems for outdoor mass culture
Chaumont, D. (1993) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/bf02184638 · Cited by 317
The Feasibility of industrial production of Spirulina (Arthrospira) in Southern Spain
Jiménez, C., Cossı́o, B. R., Labella, D., & Xavier Niell, F. (2003) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00118-7 · Cited by 219
Microalgal biotechnology at the turn of the millennium: A personal view
RICHMOND, A. E. (2000) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1023/a:1008123131307 · Cited by 210
Alkaliphiles: Ecology, diversity and applications
Grant, W. D., Mwatha, W. E., & Jones, B. E. (1990) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04099.x · Cited by 210
Mass culture of Spirulina outdoors--the earthrise farms experience
Belay, A. (1997) · Cited by 153
Spirulina: Growth, Physiology and Biochemistry
(1997) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482272970-11 · Cited by 115
Inhibitory effect of oxygen accumulation on the growth of Spirulina platensis
Márquez-Rocha, F. J., Sasaki, K., Nishio, N., & Nagai, S. (1995) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/bf00127993 · Cited by 80
Outdoor Mass Production of Spirulina: The Basic Concept
(1997) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482272970-13 · Cited by 61
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–219 of 219
Integration of biological wastewater treatment and algal growth for biofuels
Uttley, P. J. (2014) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Grove, F. M. (2013) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)
PRODUCTION OF OIL FROM FRESHWATER AND MARINE WATER MICROALGAE FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Alhattab, M. (2014) · DalSpace (Dalhousie University)
Enhancing Economics of Spirulina platensis on a Large Scale
Nithiya, E. M., Vasumathi, K., & Premalatha, M. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18494-39
Esposito, S., Diano, M., Parente, M., & Mazzoleni, S. (2019) · IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor) · doi:10.1109/metroagrifor.2019.8909217
Buxton, G. A., & Şirinterlikçi, A. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1081/e-eee2-120048424
Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Activity of Arthrospira Platensis
Bajirao, M. (2022) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2022.44886
Cardona, L., Arroyave, C., & Aristizábal, A. (2023) · Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2023.03.004
Anyaoha, K. E., Dornack, C., Hodgkinson, I., Krujatz, F., & Maletz, R. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4775773
Li, X., Zhang, X., Hao, H., Du, X., & Chi, Z. (2025) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.109224
Albanese, J., Chen, M., Chiao, J., Cho, L., Huang, H., Lin, B., Meyerson, M., Puppala, P., Sekaran, A., Shin, Y. J., et al. (2014) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Etude et optimisation de la culture de microalgues en photobioréacteurs solaires
Artu, A. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/50595577zba45z45d3zb6fez4fdb4ecfabbb · Cited by 5
Optimisation de la culture d'Haslea ostrearia en photobioréacteur
Nghiem-Xuan, R. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/8de76451z6ed6z4b9czb22dzb612f1ea3f85
Modélisation multi-échelle de la culture de microalgues
Gernigon, V. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/37586e25z840dz47f8z97e2zdeabc3b09b64
Main-stream processes in aquatic biorefineries
Saleknezhad, M., Rezahasani, R., & Amiri, H. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33034-6.00002-9
Huang, Y., Zhao, Q., Wen, S., Yan, C., Zhou, Z., & Cong, W. (2026) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2026.07.010
Limnospira spp. production practices in France
Skifa, I., Chauchat, N., Cocquet, P.-H., & Guer, Y. L. (2026) · Blue Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s44315-026-00062-0
Response of Lotus (Nelumbo sp.) to Container Soil Volume
Tian, D., Tilt, K. M., Sibley, J. L., Dane, F., & Woods, F. M. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Horticulture · doi:10.24266/0738-2898-27.2.79
Energy and environmental analyses of a bioreactor for microalgae culture for energy production
Rengel, A. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Metadata
- Authors
- JIMENEZ, C.
- Venue
- Aquaculture
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 221
- Issue
- 1-4
- Pages
- 331-345
- ISSN
- 0044-8486 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156415472
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Aquaculture (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universidad de Málaga
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Keywords
- Spirulina, microalgae cultivation, raceway ponds, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, irradiance, conductivity, biomass concentration, productivity, seasonal variation, principal component analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
