Relationship between physicochemical variables and productivity in open ponds for the production of Spirulina: A predictive model of algal yield
Abstract
Spirulina is one of the most extensively used microalgae for animal and human nutrition; its main interest is centered in its high protein content, 60-65% on a dry weight basis. In this study, Spirulina was grown in open raceway ponds, and several physicochemical (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, conductivity and irradiance) and biological (e.g., biomass concentration and yield) variables were studied. The variables were correlated in order to implement a mathematical model to predict algal yield. Dissolved oxygen concentration in the cultivation ponds ranged between 10 mg l-1 in winter (115% of O2 saturation) and 30 mg l-1 in summer (375% of O2 saturation); a clear decrease of biomass concentration was found when dissolved oxygen was >25 mg l-1. Neither biomass concentration nor productivity was saturated at the maximum temperature achieved in the open pond during this study (approximately 28 °C). The pH seemed to control both the maximal algal density in the pond and the productivity that were found to be maximum at pH values below 10.5. Finally, all the variables were positively correlated with irradiance. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed recognition of different sets of samples characterized by a combination of temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, biomass, productivity, irradiance and conductivity. This method helped to predict a significant loss of productivity in the open ponds in mid-summer due to high pH and high-dissolved O2 concentration.
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Open ponds for Spirulina cultivation have low biomass productivity due to frequent evaporation of water and pollution.
“Along with these advantages, however, there are also a number of disadvantages such as low biomass productivity [8,9] due to the frequent evaporation of water from the reservoir [10] and pollution.”
From Application of Arthrospira platensis for Medicinal Purposes and the Food Industry: A Review of the Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
Open systems do not allow reaching high biomass productivity because of difficulty in keeping optimum temperature, restricting them to tropical and sub-tropical regions.
“However, they do not allow for reaching high biomass productivity, owing to the difficulty of keeping the optimum temperature; thus, they are restricted to the tropical and sub-tropical regions [28].”
From Arthrospira platensis Cultivation in a Bench-Scale Helical Tubular Photobioreactor (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The application of this method aided the prediction of significant loss of productivity in the open ponds resulting from high pH and high-dissolved O2 concentration during summer.
“The application of this method aided the prediction of significant loss of productivity in the open ponds, resulting from high pH and high-dissolved O2 concentration during summer.”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
Jiménez et al. studied the relationship between physicochemical variables and productivity of Spirulina sp. in open ponds.
“Jiménez et al. [86] studied the relationship between physicochemical variables and productivity of Spirulina sp. in open ponds.”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
PCA was used to assess different sets of samples characterized by a combination of temperature, DO concentration, pH, biomass productivity, irradiance and conductivity, with 240 cases included in the analysis.
“PCA was used to assess different sets of samples characterized by a combination of temperature, DO concentration, pH, biomass productivity, irradiance and conductivity, with 240 cases included in the analysis.”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
From the results it was deduced that pH and salinity led to loss in productivity in open ponds around mid-summer, incidence with high rates of dissolved oxygen.
“From the results it was deduced that pH and salinity led to loss in productivity in open ponds around mid-summer, incidence with high rates of dissolved oxygen.”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
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- Authors
- JIMENEZ, C.
- Venue
- Aquaculture
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 221
- Issue
- 1-4
- Pages
- 331-345
- ISSN
- 0044-8486 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156415472
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Aquaculture (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universidad de Málaga
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Keywords
- Spirulina, microalgae cultivation, raceway ponds, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, irradiance, conductivity, biomass concentration, productivity, seasonal variation, principal component analysis
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