Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity

May combine two claims.

Light illumination profile significantly influences biomass productivity, with cycle times below 12 seconds modestly improving productivity.

“In a study by Yarnold et al. [39], light illumination profile was found to significantly influence biomass productivity, with cycle times below 12 seconds modestly improving productivity.”

• cites [39] Yarnold, 2016, Photoacclimation and productivity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grown in fluctuating light regimes which simulate outdoor algal culture conditions, Algal Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Dewatering prior to conversion requires high amounts of energy and accounts for 20-30% of total microalgae biofuel production cost.

“However, the key challenge to processing microalgae is the need for dewatering prior to conversion, which requires high amounts of energy and constitutes a significant processing cost, accounting for 20–30% of the total production cost [32].”

• cites [32] Anyanwu, R.C., Rodriguez, C., Durrant, A., and Olabi, A.G. (2018). Optimisation of tray drier microalgae dewatering techniques using response surface methodology. Energies, 11. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Temperature and light directly influence the microalgae growth rate.

“Temperature and light are considered to directly influence the microalgae growth rate [43].”

• cites [43] Singh, 2015, Effect of temperature and light on the growth of algae species: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The principal benefit of chemometric analysis is identification of key contributing factors useful for decision makers to improve system design, operation and process economics.

“The principal benefit of such analysis is the identification of the key contributing factors, useful for decision makers to improve system design, operation and process economics.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chemometric methods developed in chemistry can be validly applied to microalgae production and processing data to assess and optimize productivity.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Chemometric methods can identify and understand relationships from measured study parameters via statistical methods across microalgae production stages.

“This review examines the various production and processing stages, and considers the use of chemometric methods in identifying and understanding relationships from measured study parameters via statistical methods, across microalgae production stages.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chemometric methods developed in chemistry can be validly applied to microalgae production and processing data to assess and optimize productivity.

May combine two claims.

The oxidation state of nitrogen source (NH4 or NO3) can significantly affect biomass yield; use of NO3 as a nitrogen source requires extra energy and reduces biomass yield.

“The oxidation state of nitrogen source (i.e., NH4 or NO3) can significantly affect biomass yield [40]. Generally, the use of NO3 as a nitrogen source requires extra energy and reduces biomass yield.”

• cites [40] Tabernero, 2014, Effect of nitrogen source on growth and lipid accumulation in Scenedesmus abundans and Chlorella ellipsoidea, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Microalgae production is undergoing significant development as a third generation biofuel feedstock due to higher photosynthetic efficiency, faster growth rate, non-competition with food crops for arable land, and high lipid yield, making it more sustainable than first and second generation biofuels.

“Microalgae production is currently undergoing significant development both within research and industrial sectors as a third generation biofuel feedstock. This is due to its higher photosynthetic efficiency in biomass production, faster growth rate, non-competition with food crops for arable land use and high lipid yield, making a more sustainable feedstock when compared to first and second gen”

May combine two claims.

These processing constraints have kept microalgae biofuels production technically possible but not economically feasible.

“These as well as other processing constraints have kept microalgae biofuels production technically possible but not economically feasible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) accounts for only 45-50% of energy available for photosynthesis.

“Energy losses are recorded in transferring the energy to the lower frequencies and the radiation, which is available for photosynthesis called photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) that accounts for only 45–50% of energy [25].”

• cites [25] Milledge, 2014, Macroalgae-derived biofuel: A review of methods of energy extraction from seaweed biomass, Energies sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Phototrophic production is perceived as the best route to attain sustainable biomass production.

“Phototrophic production is perceived as the best route to attain sustainable biomass production.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Chemometrics proffers options for time saving in data analysis and efficient process optimization relevant for continuous growth of the microalgae industry.

“Chemometrics proffers options for time saving in data analysis, as well as efficient process optimization, which could be relevant for the continuous growth of the microalgae industry.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chemometric methods developed in chemistry can be validly applied to microalgae production and processing data to assess and optimize productivity.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Microalgae have high CO2 sequestration efficiency and can utilize nutrients to remediate wastewater.

“Microalgae has high CO2 sequestration efficiency and have the additional environmental benefit in its ability to utilize nutrients to remediate wastewater.”

May combine two claims.

Microalgae are significantly more efficient than most oil seed crops due to high productivity per unit area, ability to cultivate in areas unsuitable for traditional agriculture, and reduced cultivation time.

“Due to microalgae’s high productivity per unit area of land and the ability to be cultivated in areas unsuitable for traditional agriculture, it is significantly more efficient when compared to most oil seed crops with reduced cultivation time [34].”

• cites [34] Hannon, 2010, Biofuels from algae: Challenges and potential, Biofuels sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Various analytical techniques including chromatography, electrophoresis, mass and molecular spectroscopy are used in characterization.

“Various analytical techniques are being used in this process including chromatography, electrophoresis, mass and molecular spectroscopy [72].”

• cites [72] 2009, From lipid analysis towards lipidomics, a new challenge for the analytical chemistry of the 21st century. Part I: Modern lipid analysis, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The traditional OFAT approach could be time consuming and does not take into account multifactor interactions.

“Such an approach could be time consuming and does not take into account multifactor interactions [8].”

• cites [8] Anderson, M.J., and Whitcomb, P.J. (2005). RSM Simplified: Optimizing Processes Using Response Surface Methods for Design of Experiments, Productivity Press.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Microalgae biomass comprises complex sets of metabolites, making its molecular characterization intensive.

“Furthermore, microalgae biomass comprises complex sets of metabolites, which makes its molecular characterization intensive [70].”

• cites [70] Fasciotti, 2019, Investigating the Potential of Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for Microalgae Biomass Characterization, Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Chemometrics allows several non-selective signals to be combined in a multivariate model to measure desired information with high precision.

“Chemometrics allows several non-selective signals to be combined in a multivariate model to measure a desired information with high precision [6].”

• cites [6] Wold, 1991, Chemometrics, why, what and where to next?, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chemometric methods developed in chemistry can be validly applied to microalgae production and processing data to assess and optimize productivity.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Microalgae species selection, geographical location and cultivation method are main upstream activities, while dewatering, lipid extraction, conversion and upgrading of lipid to biofuel and further processing of residual biomass are downstream.

“Microalgae species selection, geographical location and cultivation method (open or closed) can be described as the main upstream activities. While dewatering, lipid extraction, conversion and upgrading of the lipid to biofuel and further processing of the residual biomass are classified as the downstream phase.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As microalgae are diverse, only a small fraction of the available species form the main feedstock for biofuel production.

“As microalgae are a diverse group, only a small fraction of the available species form the main feedstock for biofuel production [69].”

• cites [69] Larkum, 2012, Selection, breeding and engineering of microalgae for bioenergy and biofuel production, Trends Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chemometrics has been applied to a wide variety of data matrices including water, fungicidal, pharmaceutical, food science, fruits and vegetables processing, Parkinson's disease, plant composition and polymer analysis studies.

“Chemometrics has been applied to a wide variety of data matrices including those collected for water [58], fungicidal [62], pharmaceutical [63], food science [64], fruits and vegetables processing [65], Parkinson’s disease [66], plant composition [67] and polymer analysis [68] studies.”

• cites [58] Liu, G., Ma, F., Liu, G., Zhao, H., Guo, J., and Cao, J. (2019). Application of Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Identify Water Sources in A Coastal Gold Mine, Shandong, China. Sustainability, 11. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [62] Ayoko, 2003, A multicriteria ranking of organotin (IV) compounds with fungicidal properties, Appl. Organomet. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [63] Xiong, 2018, Identification of quality markers of Xiaojin Pills using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatographtandem mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis, Trop. J. Pharm. Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are several stages in the production of biofuels from microalgae, broadly divided into upstream and downstream phases.

“There are several stages involved in the production of biofuels from microalgae, which can broadly be divided into upstream and downstream phases.”

May combine two claims.

Increasing the temporary carbon sink in biomass into storage carbohydrate rather than triacylglycerols (TAGs) improves energy assimilation during photosynthesis, while nutrient depletion increases lipid yield.

“Increasing the temporary carbon sink in biomass into storage carbohydrate rather than triacylglycerols (TAGs) improves the energy assimilation during photosynthesis, while nutrient depletion increases the lipid yield [30].”

• cites [30] International Energy Agency (IEA) (2018, August 09). State of Technology Review—Algae Bioenergy An IEA Bioenergy Inter-Task Strategic Project. Available online: http://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/IEA-Bioenergy-Algae-report-update-20170114.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Energy storage capacity of microalgae relates directly to lipids content, with C12 to C18 chain lengths being the key ones.

“Energy storage capacity of microalgae is also known to relate directly to the lipids content, with C12 to C18 chain lengths being the key ones [2,71].”

• cites [2] Saad, M.G., Dosoky, N.S., Zoromba, M.S., and Shafik, H.M. (2019). Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges. Energies, 12. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [71] Tan, 2013, Application of mid-infrared chemical imaging and multivariate chemometrics analyses to characterise a population of microalgae cells, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Chemometric methods aim at supporting decision-makers faced with evaluating alternatives, taking into account multiple and often conflictive criteria.

“Chemometric methods aim at supporting DMs faced with evaluating alternatives, taking into account multiple and often conflictive criteria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Organic molecules exhibit unique signatures in the IR spectrum, especially in the mid and near IR regions.

“Organic molecules are known to exhibit unique signatures in the IR spectrum, especially in the mid and near IR regions [76].”

• cites [76] Smith, B.C. (1998). Infrared Spectral Interpretation: A Systematic Approach, CRC press.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chemometrics does not replace best practice in the process of data collection and interpretative analysis.

“It is noteworthy to state that it does not however replace best practice in the process of data collection and interpretative analysis [9].”

• cites [9] Kokot, 1998, Data Interpretation by some Common Chemometrics Methods, Electroanalysis sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Characterization is a very important process in species selection.

“Therefore, characterization is a very important process in species selection.”

May combine two claims.

IR spectroscopy has the capacity to detect a wide range of organic compounds, with a potential for online monitoring of bioprocesses.

“IR spectroscopy has the capacity to detect a wide range of organic compounds, with a potential for online monitoring of bioprocesses [75].”

• cites [75] Li, X. (2019, May 25). Infrared Application. Available online: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared%3A_Application.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The biorefinery approach is considered the best option for economic viability of microalgae-based biofuels.

“As the decline in petroleum prices continues to constitute an economic challenge to cost competitive biofuels production, the biorefinery approach is considered the best option for economic viability [55].”

• cites [55] Doshi, 2017, The financial feasibility of microalgae biodiesel in an integrated, multi-output production system, Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The two iLFCA procedures took only 48 min, showing the effectiveness of the iLFCA algorithm in sorting out 1195 FTIR spectra.

“The two iLFCA procedures took only 48 min, showing the effectiveness of the iLFCA algorithm in sorting out large number (1195) of FTIR spectra.”

• cites [71] Tan, 2013, Application of mid-infrared chemical imaging and multivariate chemometrics analyses to characterise a population of microalgae cells, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Biofilm systems are known to have higher biomass productivity than suspension systems, with even higher productivity under mixotrophic conditions.

“Biofilm systems are known to have higher biomass productivity than suspension systems, with even much higher productivity when cultivated under mixotrophic conditions [51].”

• cites [51] Roostaei, 2018, Mixotrophic Microalgae Biofilm: A Novel Algae Cultivation Strategy for Improved Productivity and Cost-efficiency of Biofuel Feedstock Production, Sci. Rep. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The chemometric approach relies on bilinear properties, i.e., the superpositioning principle of transmission of mid-infrared data, rather than on assumptions.

“The chemometric approach relies on bilinear properties, i.e., the superpositioning principle of transmission of mid-infrared data, rather than on assumptions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The complexity of microalgae production is due to differing perspectives, values and preferences of decision-makers and is compounded by complex biology and environmental plasticity of microalgae species.

“The complexity is due to differing perspectives, values and preferences of DMs (designers, engineers and scientists). This complexity is further compounded by the complex biology and environmental plasticity associated with microalgae species.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chemometrics is currently applied in chemical, biological, environmental, industrial and engineering process analysis.

“Chemometrics is currently being applied in chemical, biological, environmental, industrial and engineering process analysis [9].”

• cites [9] Kokot, 1998, Data Interpretation by some Common Chemometrics Methods, Electroanalysis sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ability of instrumental analysis techniques to generate large volumes of information creates a need to harmonize such information into a meaningful explanation.

“The ability of instrumental analysis techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry and microscopy to generate large volumes of information, even from a single chemical or environmental sample creates a need to harmonize such information into a meaningful explanation [59,60,61].”

• cites [59] Musa, 2014, Application of ion chromatography for the assessment of cadmium adsorption in simulated wastewater by activated carbon, Desalin. Water Treat. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [60] Kachala, 2013, Target-oriented analysis of gaseous, liquid and solid chemical systems by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy, Russ. Chem. Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [61] Ferguson, 2012, Analysis of engineered nanomaterials in complex matrices (environment and biota): General considerations and conceptual case studies, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Excluding or including criteria such as environmental impacts or cost can change the outcome of multivariate analysis when chemometric methods are applied.

“Excluding or including criteria, such as environmental impacts or cost, can change the outcome of MVA when chemometric methods are applied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mid-infra-red has been in use since the 1940s, with single point, point mapping and imaging applied to study microalgae composition, and inferences are drawn from qualitative observations or quantitative integration.

“Mid-infra-red has been in use since the 1940s, with different techniques viz. single point, point mapping and imaging applied to study microalgae composition with mid-infrared peaks associated with proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Inferences are drawn from qualitative observations from infra-red bands or quantitative integration and calculation of peak heights and ratios [73,74].”

• cites [73] Dean, 2010, Using FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation in freshwater microalgae, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [74] Giordano, 2001, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a novel tool to investigate changes in intracellular macromolecular pools in the marine microalga Chaetoceros muellerii (Bacillariophyceae), J. Phycol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Microalgae production is a complex task because multiple criteria have to be taken into account.

“Microalgae production is a complex task as multiple criteria have to be taken into account.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The MVA approach provides elucidated information on pattern recognition through ranking, calibration, classification and prediction.

“This approach is able to provide elucidated information on pattern recognition through ranking, calibration, classification and prediction.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chemometric methods developed in chemistry can be validly applied to microalgae production and processing data to assess and optimize productivity.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Multivariate modeling is achieved by measuring the desirability of achieving different levels of performance in each criterion and combining these preferences across individual criteria to allow inter-criteria comparisons.

“Multivariate modeling is achieved by measuring the desirability of achieving different levels of performance in each criteria and combining these preferences across individual criteria allowing for inter-criteria comparisons.”

May combine two claims.

Product quality was generated and verified following the model, and the verified results fell within the 95% confidence limit of the model.

“Subsequently, the product quality was generated and verified following the model. The verified results fell within 95% confidence limit of the model”

• cites [79] Tescione, 2015, Application of bioreactor design principles and multivariate analysis for development of cell culture scale down models, Biotechnol. Bioeng. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

From the 16 analyzed samples, it was possible to annotate 1251 compounds, with 210 classified as lipids.

“From the 16 analyzed samples, it was possible to annotate 1251 compounds, with 210 classified as lipids.”

• cites [70] Fasciotti, 2019, Investigating the Potential of Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for Microalgae Biomass Characterization, Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

MVA was used to supplement univariate analysis, and PCA was useful for process trouble shooting and comparison between data sets.

“MVA was used to supplement univariate analysis, and the PCA was useful for process trouble shooting and comparison between data sets [80].”

• cites [80] Thomassen, 2010, Multivariate data analysis on historical IPV production data for better process understanding and future improvements, Biotechnol. Bioeng. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Visual comparison of the curves reveals evident differences, which gave the distinction between species.

“An advantage here was that visual comparison of the curves reveals evident differences, which gave the distinction between species.”

• cites [77] Henrion, 1997, Three-way Principal Components Analysis for fluorescence spectroscopic classification of algae species, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

FA and lipid contents decreased with dilution rate increase, indicating no accumulation enhancement occurred because maximal biomass productivity was the same as maximum for FA and lipid compounds.

“FA and lipid contents decreased with dilution rate increase, indicating no accumulation enhancement occurred because maximal biomass productivity was the same as maximum for FA and lipid compounds.”

• cites [82] 2014, Outdoor pilot-scale production of Nannochloropsis gaditana: Influence of culture parameters and lipid production rates in tubular photobioreactors, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Identification of the underlying spectra was achieved using PCA.

“The identification of the underlying spectra was achieved using PCA.”

• cites [77] Henrion, 1997, Three-way Principal Components Analysis for fluorescence spectroscopic classification of algae species, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The analysis strategy offers a powerful tool for the microalgae industry by aiding in the identification of ideal strains and culture conditions for biofuel production, saving analysis time and facilitating identification of a large number of constituents at once.

“The analysis strategy explored in this work offers a powerful tool for the microalgae industry by aiding in the identification of ideal strains and culture conditions for application in the production of biofuels, saving analysis time and facilitating identification of a large number of constituents at once.”

• cites [70] Fasciotti, 2019, Investigating the Potential of Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for Microalgae Biomass Characterization, Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A three-way PCA was applied for the identification of the underlying spectra by decomposing the data into independent pairs of column and row profiles.

“A three-way PCA was applied for the identification of the underlying spectra, by decomposing the data into independent pairs of column and row profiles.”

• cites [77] Henrion, 1997, Three-way Principal Components Analysis for fluorescence spectroscopic classification of algae species, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Graphical representation of the first two components corresponding to emission and excitation spectrum produced curves that served as fingerprints for the five algae species.

“Graphical representation of the first two components corresponding to emission and excitation spectrum, produced curves that served as the fingerprints for the five algae species.”

• cites [77] Henrion, 1997, Three-way Principal Components Analysis for fluorescence spectroscopic classification of algae species, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The cultivation of microalgae is mainly done in photobioreactors, open raceway ponds or a combination of the two.

“The cultivation of microalgae is mainly done in PBRs, ORPs or a combination of the two.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study illustrated how a three-way PCA was used as a tool in the classification of algae species.

“The study illustrated how a three-way PCA was used as a tool in the classification of algae species.”

• cites [77] Henrion, 1997, Three-way Principal Components Analysis for fluorescence spectroscopic classification of algae species, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tescoine et al. applied principal component analysis in the design of a cell culture bioreactor.

“Tescoine et al. [79] applied the principal component analysis (PCA) in the design of a cell culture bioreactor.”

• cites [79] Tescione, 2015, Application of bioreactor design principles and multivariate analysis for development of cell culture scale down models, Biotechnol. Bioeng. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Henrion et al. investigated the characterization of different algae species from excitation-emission matrices using fluorescence spectroscopy.

“In another study on classification of microalgae, Henrion et al. [77] investigated the characterization of different algae species from excitation–emission matrices (EEM) using fluorescence spectroscopy.”

• cites [77] Henrion, 1997, Three-way Principal Components Analysis for fluorescence spectroscopic classification of algae species, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The discussed techniques can be effectively applied to select microalgae species from environmental samples and to screen suitable phenotypes with high neutral lipid for biofuel production from a large number of samples within a reasonably short time.

“The discussed techniques can be effectively applied to select microalgae species from environmental samples and also to screen suitable phenotypes with high neutral lipid suitable for biofuel production from a large number of samples, within a reasonably short time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chemometrics has played a role in establishing relationships in the selection criteria and how that can affect system performance in processes across several disciplines.

“Chemometrics has played a role in establishing relationships in the selection criteria and how that can affect system performance in processes across several disciplines [78].”

• cites [78] Lopes, 2004, Chemometrics in bioprocess engineering: Process analytical technology (PAT) applications, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The PCA module was built using four principal components that represented 85% of the initial data set.

“PCA module was built using four principal components that represented 85% of the initial data set.”

• cites [79] Tescione, 2015, Application of bioreactor design principles and multivariate analysis for development of cell culture scale down models, Biotechnol. Bioeng. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The engineering design principles applied in scaling up can also be used in scaling down.

“The engineering design principles applied in scaling up can also be used in scaling down.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Performance often varies on scale up, requiring a reassessment or complete change considering several factors involved in the process.

May combine two claims.

From the results it was deduced that pH and salinity led to loss in productivity in open ponds around mid-summer, incidence with high rates of dissolved oxygen.

“From the results it was deduced that pH and salinity led to loss in productivity in open ponds around mid-summer, incidence with high rates of dissolved oxygen.”

• cites [86] Niell, 2003, Relationship between physicochemical variables and productivity in open ponds for the production of Spirulina: A predictive model of algal yield, Aquaculture sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Assessment of cell physiology in all stages of microalgae growth under cultivation plays an important role for environmental and ecological monitoring purposes.

“An assessment of cell physiology in all stages of microalgae growth under cultivation plays an important role for environmental and ecological monitoring purposes [84].”

• cites [84] He, 2018, Assessment of physiological responses and growth phases of different microalgae under environmental changes by Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Overall lipid content was found in the range of 26-37%, with an average of 31%.

“Overall lipid content was found in the range of 26–37%, with an average of 31%.”

• cites [87] Tan, 2018, Semi-continuous cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using chicken compost as nutrients source: Growth optimization study and fatty acid composition analysis, Energy Convers. Manag. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Using this approach, a quantitative visualization of intracellular lipids concentration in microalgae cells was achieved, effectively providing spatial and temporal dynamic characteristics of the intracellular lipids of the microalgae cells under nitrogen stress.

“Using this approach, a quantitative visualization of intracellular lipids concentration in microalgae cells was achieved, effectively providing spatial and temporal dynamic characteristics of the intracellular lipids of the microalgae cells under nitrogen stress.”

• cites [90] Li, 2019, Quantitative visualization of intracellular lipids concentration in a microalgae cell based on Raman micro-spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics, Sens. Actuators B Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The results demonstrated that the combination of PCA and SVM was useful in assessing cultivation and also predicted the preliminary environmental condition of microalgae in water bodies, which is useful to check eutrophication.

“The results demonstrated that the combination of PCA and SVM was not only useful in assessing cultivation but also predicted the preliminary environmental condition of microalgae in water bodies, which is useful to check eutrophication.”

• cites [84] He, 2018, Assessment of physiological responses and growth phases of different microalgae under environmental changes by Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Chicken compost was investigated as a source of nutrients in the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and its effect on growth and fatty acid composition was assessed.

“Chicken compost was investigated as a source of nutrients in the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and its effect on growth and fatty acid composition was assessed [87].”

• cites [87] Tan, 2018, Semi-continuous cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using chicken compost as nutrients source: Growth optimization study and fatty acid composition analysis, Energy Convers. Manag. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

PC1 and PC2 accounted for 98.79% of variability in the lipid acyl profiles region (2800-3000 cm−1) and 94.86% of the variability in the biomolecular fingerprint regions (1000-1800 cm−1).

“PC1 and PC2 accounted for 98.79% of variability in the lipid acyl profiles region (i.e., 2800–3000 cm−1) and 94.86% of the variability in the biomolecular fingerprint regions (i.e., 1000–1800 cm−1).”

• cites [89] Difusa, 2016, The chemometric approach applied to FTIR spectral data for the analysis of lipid content in microalgae cultivated in different nitrogen sources, Biomass Convers. Biorefin. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Correlation of Raman analysis of the two microalgae species and the characteristic Raman intensities were fitted to gather statistical information used in assessing growth phases and physiological responses.

“Correlation of Raman analysis of the two microalgae species and the characteristic Raman intensities were fitted to gather statistical information used in assessing growth phases and physiological responses.”

• cites [84] He, 2018, Assessment of physiological responses and growth phases of different microalgae under environmental changes by Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Support vector machine was applied to identify growth phases under different culture conditions.

“Subsequently, support vector machine (SVM), which is a machine learning method was applied to identify growth phases under different culture conditions.”

• cites [84] He, 2018, Assessment of physiological responses and growth phases of different microalgae under environmental changes by Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Growth was consistent with an optimum growth rate of 0.6 day−1 and biomass concentration of 0.8 g/L.

“Growth was consistent with an optimum growth rate of 0.6 day−1 and biomass concentration of 0.8 g/L.”

• cites [87] Tan, 2018, Semi-continuous cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using chicken compost as nutrients source: Growth optimization study and fatty acid composition analysis, Energy Convers. Manag. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Growth phases of microalgae were monitored using Raman spectroscopy in a study that investigated two freshwater species, Microcystis flos-aquae and Chlorella vulgaris.

“Growth phases of microalgae were monitored using Raman spectroscopy in a study, which investigated two freshwater species viz. Microcystis flos-aquae and Chlorella vulgaris [84].”

• cites [84] He, 2018, Assessment of physiological responses and growth phases of different microalgae under environmental changes by Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PCA was used to assess different sets of samples characterized by a combination of temperature, DO concentration, pH, biomass productivity, irradiance and conductivity, with 240 cases included in the analysis.

“PCA was used to assess different sets of samples characterized by a combination of temperature, DO concentration, pH, biomass productivity, irradiance and conductivity, with 240 cases included in the analysis.”

• cites [86] Niell, 2003, Relationship between physicochemical variables and productivity in open ponds for the production of Spirulina: A predictive model of algal yield, Aquaculture sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nitrogen among several nutrients plays a key role in the macromolecular synthesis pathway in microorganisms including microalgae.

“Corresponding to many factors imbibed, nitrogen among several nutrients plays a key role in the macromolecular synthesis pathway in microorganisms including microalgae [88].”

• cites [88] Yodsuwan, 2017, Effect of nitrogen concentration on growth, lipid production and fatty acid profiles of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Agric. Nat. Resour.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Several other factors in addition to the choice of a cultivation system affect microalgae productivity during cultivation, including cell physiology, growth phase, temperature, CO2 concentration, light availability and culture medium composition.

“As illustrated in the foregoing discussions, there are several other factors in addition to the choice of a cultivation system, which affect microalgae productivity during cultivation. These factors cut across system, culture and environmental conditions, with some prominent ones including cell physiology, growth phase, temperature, CO2 concentration, light availability and culture medium compos”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Matos et al. investigated the cultivation of Nannochloropsis gaditana.

“Matos et al. [93] investigated the cultivation of Nannochloropsis gaditana.”

• cites [93] Matos, 2016, Effects of different photoperiod and trophic conditions on biomass, protein and lipid production by the marine alga Nannochloropsis gaditana at optimal concentration of desalination concentrate, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some species of microalgae are able to switch between photo- and heterotrophic metabolisms.

“There are some species of microalgae that are able to switch between photo- and heterotrophic metabolisms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A hierarchical clustering enabled partitioning of the biological variables into eight clusters.

“A hierarchical clustering enabled partitioning of the biological variables into eight clusters.”

• cites [99] Leprince, 2016, New Features on the Environmental Regulation of Metabolism Revealed by Modeling the Cellular Proteomic Adaptations Induced by Light, Carbon, and Inorganic Nitrogen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Front. Plant Sci.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Recent studies in microalgae employ extraction strategies that involve the selection of improved formula for solvents, as well as other technologies like supercritical fluid extraction and electrical disruption, which do not use toxic solvents.

“Recent studies in microalgae employ extraction strategies that involve the selection of improved formula for solvents, as well as other technologies like supercritical fluid extraction and electrical disruption, which do not use toxic solvents [108].”

• cites [108] Ma, 2015, Optimization of cell disruption methods for efficient recovery of bioactive metabolites via NMR of three freshwater microalgae (chlorophyta), Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

PROMETHEE and GAIA allows for a graphic representation of the criteria using GAIA, which provides a better understanding of the inter-dimensional interactions and conflicts of criteria, thereby facilitating consensus building in decision-making processes.

“Furthermore, it allows for a graphic representation of the criteria using GAIA, which provides a better understanding of the inter-dimensional interactions and conflicts of criteria, thereby facilitating consensus building in decision-making processes.”

May combine two claims.

Cluster A captured the main fatty acids under heterotrophic conditions, under mixotrophic conditions increased protein levels were associated with cluster C, cluster D was positively associated with lipids, and monounsaturated fatty acids and only one fatty acid were in cluster B.

“Cluster A captured the main fatty acids under heterotrophic conditions, under mixotrophic conditions increased protein levels were associated with cluster C, while cluster D was positively associated with lipids, while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and only one fatty acid were in cluster B.”

• cites [93] Matos, 2016, Effects of different photoperiod and trophic conditions on biomass, protein and lipid production by the marine alga Nannochloropsis gaditana at optimal concentration of desalination concentrate, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Several methods for lipid extraction from microalgae exist, with the most common ones being Sohxlet, Folch and Bligh and Dyer methods.

“There are several methods for lipid extraction from microalgae, with the most common ones being Sohxlet, Folch and Bligh and Dyer methods [106].”

• cites [106] Ferreira, 2019, Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from wet microalgae using green solvents, Renew. Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gérin et al. studied proteomic adaptations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii induced by light, carbon and inorganic nitrogen.

“Gérin et al. [99] studied proteomic adaptations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii induced by light, carbon and inorganic nitrogen.”

• cites [99] Leprince, 2016, New Features on the Environmental Regulation of Metabolism Revealed by Modeling the Cellular Proteomic Adaptations Induced by Light, Carbon, and Inorganic Nitrogen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Front. Plant Sci.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are several means of investigating the effect of light and dark cycles in the production of microalgae under three main trophic conditions: autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions.

“There are several means of investigating the effect of light and dark cycles in the production of microalgae under three main trophic conditions viz. autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions [93].”

• cites [93] Matos, 2016, Effects of different photoperiod and trophic conditions on biomass, protein and lipid production by the marine alga Nannochloropsis gaditana at optimal concentration of desalination concentrate, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These lipid extraction methods involve the use of organic solvents such as hexane, chloroform and methanol.

“These methods involve the use of organic solvents (e.g., hexane, chloroform and methanol).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lipids are known to contribute to the modulation of cell function.

“Lipids are known to contribute to the modulation of cell function [97].”

• cites [97] Hoekstra, D. (1994). Cell Lipids, Elsevier Ltd.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The downstream processes of microalgae based biofuel production have in recent times gained a lot of attention.

“The downstream processes of microalgae based biofuel production have in recent times gained a lot of attention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The growth and physiology of microalgae are affected by various metabolic processes, which determine cellular abundance, biometry and micromorphology, as well as lipid production.

“The growth and physiology of microalgae are affected by various metabolic processes, which determines cellular abundance, biometry and micromorphology, as well as lipid production [96].”

• cites [96] Kadar, 2012, The effect of engineered iron nanoparticles on growth and metabolic status of marine microalgae cultures, Sci. Total Environ. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although these methods have been found to be very effective, the use of organic solvents of fossil origin is an issue of concern due to negative environmental and health concerns.

“Although these methods have been found to be very effective, the use of organic solvents of fossil origin is an issue of concern, due to its negative environmental and health concerns [107].”

• cites [107] Murador, 2019, Bioavailability and biological effects of bioactive compounds extracted with natural deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids: Advantages over conventional organic solvents, Curr. Opin. Food Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This attention has translated into technological advances, increasing the production on commercial scales.

“This has translated into technological advances, increasing the production on commercial scales.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Combining this method with other omics methods could improve current understanding of systems biology in diverse organisms.

“The authors concluded that combining this method with other omics methods could improve current understanding of systems biology in diverse organisms.”

• cites [99] Leprince, 2016, New Features on the Environmental Regulation of Metabolism Revealed by Modeling the Cellular Proteomic Adaptations Induced by Light, Carbon, and Inorganic Nitrogen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Front. Plant Sci.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

PROMETHEE and GAIA is capable of assessing multiple criteria holistically through pair wise comparison, ranking the investigated flocculants and identifying the most promising options among the flocculants.

“PROMETHEE and GAIA is capable of assessing multiple criteria holistically through pair wise comparison, rank the investigated flocculants and identify the most promising options among the flocculants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mass spectroscopy is commonly applied in proteomic methodologies, with the capacity to generate a large amount of data.

“The use of mass spectroscopy is commonly applied in proteomic methodologies, with the capacity to generate a large amount of data [95].”

• cites [95] Stewart, M., Mulenos, M., Steele, L., and Sayes, C. (2018). Differences among Unique Nanoparticle Protein Corona Constructs: A Case Study Using Data Analytics and Multi-Variant Visualization to Describe Physicochemical Characteristics. Appl. Sci., 8. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Modulation of lipid biosynthesis could also be attained through membrane reorganization or degradation.

“Modulation of lipid biosynthesis could also be attained through membrane reorganization or degradation [98].”

• cites [98] Betti, 2012, Cellular Stress Following Water Deprivation in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus, Cells sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Light is one of the most important environmental factors that affect chlorophyll synthesis and other plant growth aspects, and it is also used as an environmental signal for the control of morphogenetic processes.

“Light is one of the most important environmental factors that affect chlorophyll synthesis and other plant growth aspects, and it is also used as an environmental signal for the control of morphogenetic processes [91,92].”

• cites [91] Peng, Y., Zou, T., Li, L., Tang, S., Li, Q., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Yang, G., and Hu, Y. (2019). Map-Based Cloning and Functional Analysis of YE1 in Rice, Which Is Involved in Light-Dependent Chlorophyll Biogenesis and Photoperiodic Flowering Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [92] Hanelt, D., and Figueroa, F.L. (2012). Physiological and photomorphogenic effects of light on marine macrophytes. Seaweed Biology, Springer. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several dewatering approaches have been explored at laboratory, pilot and commercial scales.

“Several dewatering approaches have been explored at laboratory, pilot and commercial scales [100,101,102,103].”

• cites [100] Deconinck, 2018, Innovative harvesting processes for microalgae biomass production: A perspective from patent literature, Algal Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [101] Musa, M., Rainey, T., and Thomas-hall, S. (2017, January 18–21). Optimization of Microalgae Dewatering using a Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Algal Biomass, Biofuels & Bioproducts, Miami, FL, USA.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [102] Zhu, 2019, Using magnetic materials to harvest microalgal biomass: Evaluation of harvesting and detachment efficiency, Environ. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [103] Munshi, 2018, Dewatering algae using an aquaporin-based polyethersulfone forward osmosis membrane, Sep. Purif. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These alternative solvents are being developed on the principles of green chemistry and are referred to as green solvents.

“These solvents are being developed on the principles of green chemistry and are referred to as ‘green solvents’.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Through the use of chemometrics it is possible to gain additional knowledge on various interrelated processes, which can lead to a harmonized integration of the lipid extraction, conversion and upgrading processes, and in turn increase the efficiency of the entire process.

“Through the use of chemometrics it is possible to gain additional knowledge on various interrelated processes, which can lead to a harmonized integration of the lipid extraction, conversion and upgrading processes, and in turn increase the efficiency of the entire process.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Present production costs do not allow microalgae-based biofuels to favorably compete with fossil-based fuels.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is an ongoing search for alternative extraction methods that are considered safe to both the environment and human health.

“There is an ongoing search for alternative extraction methods, which are considered to be safe to both the environment and human health.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There remains a need for energy efficient techniques that can lead to large scale processing of microalgae for biofuels.

“However, there remains a need for energy efficient techniques that can lead to large scale processing of microalgae for biofuels [104].”

• cites [104] Shuba, 2018, Microalgae to biofuels: ‘Promising’ alternative and renewable energy, review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Light has multiple effects on photosynthetic organisms by providing energy as well as signals that influence the composition of intracellular components.

“However, light has multiple effects on photosynthetic organisms by providing energy as well as signals that influence the composition of intracellular components [94].”

• cites [94] Simionato, 2011, Acclimation of Nannochloropsis gaditana to different illumination regimes: Effects on lipids accumulation, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The ability to effectively apply chemometrics is not only time saving, but also has beneficial financial impacts.

“The ability to effectively apply this technique is not only time saving, but also has beneficial financial impacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Chemometrics will be a useful tool for achieving maximum productivity in biodiesel production by surveying a large number of algal species and optimizing desired conditions.

“In the bid to achieve this feat, chemometrics will be a useful tool.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nascimento et al.'s study suggested that criteria for strain selection could improve the algae-based biodiesel industry.

“The study suggested that the criteria for strain selection could improve the algae-based biodiesel industry.”

• cites [114] Nascimento, 2013, Screening Microalgae Strains for Biodiesel Production: Lipid Productivity and Estimation of Fuel Quality Based on Fatty Acids Profiles as Selective Criteria, Bioenergy Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There is an opportunity to improve the quality of RDB produced via HTL using chemometric techniques.

“Therefore, there is an opportunity to improve the quality of RDB produced via HTL using chemometric techniques.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Talukdar et al.'s study, the first two PCs accounted for 94.34% of variability in the data set.

“The first two PCs accounted for 94.34% of variability in the data set.”

• cites [109] Talukdar, 2014, Liquid Hydrocarbon Production Potential of a Novel Strain of the Microalga Botryococcus braunii: Assessing the Reliability of in Situ Hydrocarbon Recovery by Wet Process Solvent Extraction, Energy Fuels sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Chemometrics methodology could be performed in early selection stages and can guide DMs to select the most appropriate process.

“This methodology could be performed in early selection stages and can guide DMs to select the most appropriate process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Chemometrics offers valuable insight on the contribution of a range of parameters to the performance of a system.

“Chemometrics offers valuable insight on the contribution of a range of parameters to the performance of a system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Nascimento et al.'s study, the first and second axis of the PCA explained 56.8% and 23.4% of the observed variations respectively.

“The first and the second axis of the PCA explained 56.8% and 23.4% of the observed variations respectively.”

• cites [114] Nascimento, 2013, Screening Microalgae Strains for Biodiesel Production: Lipid Productivity and Estimation of Fuel Quality Based on Fatty Acids Profiles as Selective Criteria, Bioenergy Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Talukdar et al.'s study, PCA revealed the most prominent variation patterns.

“The PCA revealed the most prominent variation patterns.”

• cites [109] Talukdar, 2014, Liquid Hydrocarbon Production Potential of a Novel Strain of the Microalga Botryococcus braunii: Assessing the Reliability of in Situ Hydrocarbon Recovery by Wet Process Solvent Extraction, Energy Fuels sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several strategies have been developed to modify the properties of RDB through solvent extraction, catalytic cracking, distillation, etc.

“Several strategies have been developed to modify the properties of RDB through solvent extraction, catalytic cracking, distillation, etc. [111,113].”

• cites [111] Ramirez, 2015, A review of hydrothermal liquefaction bio-crude properties and prospects for upgrading to transportation fuels, Energies sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [113] Chopra, 2019, Performance enhancement of hydrothermal liquefaction for strategic and sustainable valorization of de-oiled yeast biomass into green bio-crude, J. Clean. Prod. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.