Cited by 482Social and Intergroup PsychologyChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 190 of the 196 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice

Bigler, Rebecca S., Liben, Lynn S.·2006·Advances in Child Development and Behavior

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Developmental intergroup theory specifies the mechanisms and rules that govern the processes by which children single out groups as targets of stereotyping and prejudice, and by which children learn and construct both the characteristics (i.e., stereotypes) and affective responses (i.e., prejudices) that are associated with these groups in their culture. Specifically, we argue that children have a drive to understand their world, and that this drive is manifested in their tendency to classify natural and non-natural stimuli into categories, and to search the environment for cues about which of the great number of potential bases for categorization are important. The first step in the process of stereotype and prejudice formation is, therefore, the establishment of the psychological salience of some particular set of dimensions. Four factors are hypothesized to affect the establishment of the psychological salience of person attributes: (1) perceptual discriminability of social groups, (2) proportional group size, (3) explicit labeling and use of social groups, and (4) implicit use of social groups. We argue that person characteristics that are perceptually discriminable are more likely than other characteristics to become the basis of stereotyping, but that perceptual discriminability alone is insufficient to trigger psychological salience. Thus, for example, young children's ability to detect race or gender does not mean that these distinctions will inevitably become the bas…

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0065-2407(06)80004-2

Cites

190 of 190 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Social Learning Theory
Kytle, J., & Bandura, A. (1978) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2065952 · Cited by 25,422
Untitled work
(1954) · Cited by 15,935
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626
A Handbook of Child Psychology
(1932) · Nature · doi:10.1038/130331a0 · Cited by 10,133
The measurement of psychological androgyny
Bem, S. L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036215 · Cited by 8,522
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self‐Categorization Theory
REID, F. J. M. (1987) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00799.x · Cited by 8,145
Handbook of Social Psychology
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,587
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory.
Willer, D., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073157 · Cited by 7,205
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770

Show all 196 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Bogardus, 1925, Measuring social distances, Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 299
White, 1998, Remarks to the Wisconsin Legislature, April 1, 1998

Sorted by citations

Obesity and Overweight
Levesque, R. J. R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_447-2 · Cited by 4,060
Physicians and Implicit Bias: How Doctors May Unwittingly Perpetuate Health Care Disparities
Chapman, E. N., Kaatz, A., & Carnes, M. L. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2441-1 · Cited by 1,386
The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challenges to the gender binary.
Hyde, J. S., Bigler, R. S., Joel, D., Tate, C. C., & van Anders, S. M. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000307 · Cited by 1,149
Self-citation
Developmental Intergroup Theory
Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x · Cited by 796
Self-citation
Identity‐based motivation: Implications for action‐readiness, procedural‐readiness, and consumer behavior
Oyserman, D. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.05.008 · Cited by 651
Consequences of “Minimal” Group Affiliations in Children
Dunham, Y. C., Baron, A. S., & Carey, S. E. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01577.x · Cited by 632
Development of Ethnic, Racial, and National Prejudice in Childhood and Adolescence: A Multinational Meta-Analysis of Age Differences
Raabe, T., & Beelmann, A. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01668.x · Cited by 692
Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Intervention
Oyserman, D., & Destin, M. (2010) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000010374775 · Cited by 542
Women’s representation in science predicts national gender-science stereotypes: Evidence from 66 nations.
Miller, D. I., Eagly, A. H., & Linn, M. C. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000005 · Cited by 499
A New Social-Cognitive Developmental Perspective on Prejudice
Rutland, A., Killen, M., & Abrams, D. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610369468 · Cited by 410
The development of implicit intergroup cognition
Dunham, Y. C., Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.006 · Cited by 391
The psychology of American racism.
Roberts, S. O., & Rizzo, M. T. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000642 · Cited by 348
Critical consciousness in children and adolescents: A systematic review, critical assessment, and recommendations for future research.
Heberle, A. E., Rapa, L. J., & Faragó, F. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000230 · Cited by 331
Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Women’s Career Progressions from a Managerial Perspective
Tabassum, N., & Nayak, B. S. (2021) · IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review · doi:10.1177/2277975220975513 · Cited by 439
Interventions to reduce prejudice and enhance inclusion and respect for ethnic differences in early childhood: A systematic review
Aboud, F. E., Tredoux, C. G., Tropp, L. R., Brown, C. S., Niens, U., & Noor, N. M. (2012) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2012.05.001 · Cited by 318
The apple does not fall far from the tree, or does it? A meta-analysis of parent–child similarity in intergroup attitudes.
Degner, J., & Dalege, J. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031436 · Cited by 344
Annual Research Review: Towards a developmental neuroscience of atypical social cognition
Happe, F. G. E., & Frith, U. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12162 · Cited by 336
The Pseudoscience of Single-Sex Schooling
Halpern, D. F., Eliot, L., Bigler, R. S., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., Hyde, J. S., Liben, L. S., & Martin, C. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1205031 · Cited by 294
Self-citation
Social categories guide young children's preferences for novel objects
Shutts, K., Banaji, M., & Spelke, E. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00913.x · Cited by 250
Does Exposure to Counterstereotypical Role Models Influence Girls’ and Women’s Gender Stereotypes and Career Choices? A Review of Social Psychological Research
Olsson, M., & Martiny, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02264 · Cited by 234
The effects of single-sex compared with coeducational schooling on students’ performance and attitudes: A meta-analysis.
Pahlke, E. E., Hyde, J. S., & Allison, C. M. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035740 · Cited by 298
Differing Levels of Gender Salience in Preschool Classrooms: Effects on Children’s Gender Attitudes and Intergroup Bias
Hilliard, L. J., & Liben, L. S. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01510.x · Cited by 255
Self-citation
Social Exclusion in Childhood: A Developmental Intergroup Perspective
Killen, M., Mulvey, K. L., & Hitti, A. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12012 · Cited by 250
Preschool Children's Attention to Environmental Messages About Groups: Social Categorization and the Origins of Intergroup Bias
Patterson, M. M., & Bigler, R. S. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00906.x · Cited by 260
Self-citation
The inherence heuristic: An intuitive means of making sense of the world, and a potential precursor to psychological essentialism
Cimpian, A., & Salomon, E. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13002197 · Cited by 270
Relations Between Colorblind Socialization and Children’s Racial Bias: Evidence From European American Mothers and Their Preschool Children
Pahlke, E. E., Bigler, R. S., & Suizzo, M. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01770.x · Cited by 236
Self-citation
A Transactional/Ecological Perspective on Ethnic–Racial Identity, Socialization, and Discrimination
Hughes, D. L., Watford, J. A., & Toro, J. D. (2016) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.05.001 · Cited by 233
The Development of Subjective Group Dynamics
Abrams, D., & Rutland, A. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195189742.003.0004 · Cited by 212
Two Signatures of Implicit Intergroup Attitudes
Dunham, Y. C., Chen, E. E., & Banaji, M. R. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612463081 · Cited by 198
Learning Race from Face: A Survey
Fu, S., He, H., & Hou, Z.-G. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2014.2321570 · Cited by 178
Automatic prejudice in childhood and early adolescence.
Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017993 · Cited by 175
The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice
(2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316161579 · Cited by 170
Reducing Children's Implicit Racial Bias Through Exposure to Positive Out-Group Exemplars
Gonzalez, A. M., Steele, J. R., & Baron, A. S. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12582 · Cited by 164
Effects of Learning about Gender Discrimination on Adolescent Girls' Attitudes Toward and Interest in Science
Weisgram, E. S., & Bigler, R. S. (2007) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00369.x · Cited by 158
Self-citation
So It Is, So It Shall Be: Group Regularities License Children's Prescriptive Judgments
Roberts, S. O., Gelman, S. A., & Ho, A. K. (2016) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12443 · Cited by 155
The Gendered Family Process Model: An Integrative Framework of Gender in the Family
Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., & Mesman, J. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1185-8 · Cited by 176
Peer Group Socialization of Homophobic Attitudes and Behavior During Adolescence
Poteat, V. P. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01101.x · Cited by 148
Do You See What I Mean? Corticospinal Excitability During Observation of Culture-Specific Gestures
Molnar-Szakacs, I., Wu, A. D., Robles, F. J., & Iacoboni, M. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000626 · Cited by 141
Social Categorization and the Perception of Social Groups
Bodenhausen, G. V., Kang, S. K., & Peery, D. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446247631.n16 · Cited by 140
Gender Stereotypes Influence Children’s STEM Motivation
Master, A. (2021) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12424 · Cited by 164
Loss of Institutional Trust Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Adolescents: A Consequence of Procedural Injustice and a Cause of Life-Span Outcomes
Yeager, D. S., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Hooper, S. Y., & Cohen, G. L. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12697 · Cited by 134
Human Identity and the Evolution of Societies
Moffett, M. W. (2013) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-013-9170-3 · Cited by 130
How Stereotypes Are Shared Through Language: A Review and Introduction of the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) Framework
Beukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C. (2019) · Review of Communication Research · doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.017 · Cited by 126
Constraints on the Development of Implicit Intergroup Attitudes
Baron, A. S. (2015) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12105 · Cited by 122
Racial Socialization Practices Among White American Parents: Relations to Racial Attitudes, Racial Identity, and School Diversity
Zucker, J. K., & Patterson, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x18800766 · Cited by 109
Children’s Judgments of Disloyal and Immoral Peer Behavior: Subjective Group Dynamics in Minimal Intergroup Contexts
Abrams, D., Rutland, A., Ferrell, J. M., & Pelletier, J. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01135.x · Cited by 116
The Origins and Real Effects of the Gender Gap: Evidence from CEOs’ Formative Years
Duchin, R., Simutin, M., & Sosyura, D. (2020) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhaa068 · Cited by 107
Psychological and sociomoral reasoning in infancy.
Renée Baillargeon, B., Scott, R. M., He, Z., Sloane, S. M., Setoh, P., Jin, K., Wu, D., & Bian, L. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14341-003 · Cited by 109
Promoting Equity, Tolerance, and Justice in Childhood and commentaries
Killen, M., Rutland, A., & Ruck, M. D. (2011) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2011.tb00069.x · Cited by 105
Social Judgments and Emotion Attributions About Exclusion in Switzerland
Malti, T., Killen, M., & Gasser, L. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01705.x · Cited by 108
More Similarities than Differences in contemporary Theories of social development?
Leaper, C. (2011) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386491-8.00009-8 · Cited by 109
Developmental changes in sexual prejudice from early to late adolescence: The effects of gender, race, and ideology on different patterns of change.
Poteat, V. P., & Anderson, C. J. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026906 · Cited by 102
The evolution of intergroup bias: Perceptions and attitudes in rhesus macaques.
Mahajan, N., Martinez, M. A., Gutierrez, N. L., Diesendruck, G., Banaji, M. R., & Santos, L. R. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022459 · Cited by 105
Retracted
Improving outgroup attitudes in schools: A meta-analytic review
Ülger, Z., Dette-Hagenmeyer, D. E., Reichle, B., & Gaertner, S. L. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.10.002 · Cited by 97
Do Children Distinguish Between Resource Inequalities With Individual Versus Structural Origins?
Rizzo, M. T., Elenbaas, L., & Vanderbilt, K. E. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13181 · Cited by 102
Gender Essentialism in Children and Parents: Implications for the Development of Gender Stereotyping and Gender-Typed Preferences
Meyer, M. A., & Gelman, S. A. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0646-6 · Cited by 95
The Politics of Race and Gender: Children's Perceptions of Discrimination and the U.S. Presidency
Bigler, R. S., Arthur, A. E., Hughes, J. M., & Patterson, M. M. (2008) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2008.00161.x · Cited by 87
Self-citation
Development of prejudice against immigrants and ethnic minorities in adolescence: A systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Crocetti, E., Albarello, F., Prati, F., & Rubini, M. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100959 · Cited by 108
Predicting Homophobic Behavior Among Heterosexual Youth: Domain General and Sexual Orientation-Specific Factors at the Individual and Contextual Level
Poteat, V. P., DiGiovanni, C. D., & Scheer, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9813-4 · Cited by 88
Gender stereotypes and biases in early childhood: A systematic review
King, T. L., Scovelle, A. J., Meehl, A., Milner, A. J., & Priest, N. (2021) · Australasian Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/1836939121999849 · Cited by 120
Reducing an in‐group bias in preschool children: the impact of moral behavior
Hetherington, C., Hendrickson, C., & Koenig, M. A. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12192 · Cited by 95
Reducing prejudice and promoting positive intergroup attitudes among elementary-school children in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Berger, R., Benatov, J., Abu‐Raiya, H., & Tadmor, C. T. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.04.003 · Cited by 89
Classroom-level predictors of the social status of aggression: Friendship centralization, friendship density, teacher–student attunement, and gender.
Ahn, H., & Rodkin, P. C. (2014) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036091 · Cited by 86
Gendered Language
Bigler, R. S., & Leaper, C. (2015) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732215600452 · Cited by 82
Self-citation
Young children’s classification, stereotyping and play behaviour for gender neutral and ambiguous toys
Cherney, I. D., & Dempsey, J. (2010) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2010.498416 · Cited by 79
Stereotypes and stereotyping: What's the brain got to do with it?
Susanne Quadflieg, A., & Macrae, C. N. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.627998 · Cited by 85
Experienced and Expected Similarity to Same-Gender Peers: Moving Toward a Comprehensive Model of Gender Segregation
Martin, C. L., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., Leonard, S. A., & Dinella, L. M. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0029-y · Cited by 74
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Racism? Risks and Benefits to Teaching Children About Intergroup Biases
Bigler, R. S., & Wright, Y. F. (2014) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12057 · Cited by 82
Self-citation
Group presence, category labels, and generic statements influence children to treat descriptive group regularities as prescriptive
Roberts, S. O., Ho, A. K., & Gelman, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.013 · Cited by 72
Investigating the Relation between Gender Typicality and Pressure to Conform to Gender Norms
Nielson, M. G., Schroeder, K. M., Martin, C. L., & Cook, R. E. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01136-y · Cited by 76
Patterns of implicit and explicit attitudes in children and adults: Tests in the domain of religion.
Heiphetz, L., Spelke, E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0029714 · Cited by 69
Developmental Implications of Discrimination
Marks, A. K., Ejesi, K., McCullough, M. B., & Coll, C. G. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy309 · Cited by 68
Stigma towards Mental Health Problems during Childhood and Adolescence: Theory, Research and Intervention Approaches
Heary, C., Hennessy, E., Swords, L., & Corrigan, P. W. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0829-y · Cited by 77
Development of children’s math attitudes: Gender differences, key socializers, and intervention approaches
Levine, S. C., & Pantoja, N. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100997 · Cited by 81
Why Antibias Interventions (Need Not) Fail
Schmader, T., Dennehy, T. C., & Baron, A. S. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211057565 · Cited by 71
Applying the Contact Theory in Inclusive Education: A Systematic Review on the Impact of Contact and Information on the Social Participation of Students With Disabilities
Rademaker, F., de Boer, A., Küpers, E., & Minnaert, A. E. M. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.602414 · Cited by 59
Gender influences on children’s selective trust of adult testimony
Taylor, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.04.003 · Cited by 59
The development of stereotyping and exclusion
Mulvey, K. L., Hitti, A., & Killen, M. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.66 · Cited by 59
Diversity exposure in preschool: Longitudinal implications for cross-race friendships and racial bias
Gaias, L. M., Gal‐Szabo, D. E., Abry, T., Taylor, M., & Granger, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2018.02.005 · Cited by 59
Driven by context? The interrelated effects of parents, peers, classrooms on development of prejudice among Swedish majority adolescents.
Miklikowska, M., Bohman, A., & Titzmann, P. F. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000809 · Cited by 57
Intergroup Contact and Evaluations of Race-Based Exclusion in Urban Minority Children and Adolescents
Ruck, M. D., Park, H., Killen, M., & Crystal, D. S. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9600-z · Cited by 58
Extending Social Domain Theory with a Process-Based Account of Moral Judgments
Richardson, C. B., Mulvey, K. L., & Killen, M. (2012) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000335362 · Cited by 57
The Sexualized Girl: A Within-Gender Stereotype Among Elementary School Children
Stone, E. A., Brown, C. S., & Jewell, J. A. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12405 · Cited by 61
Children’s descriptive-to-prescriptive tendency replicates (and varies) cross-culturally: Evidence from China
Roberts, S. O., Guo, C., Ho, A. K., & Gelman, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.018 · Cited by 57
Anti‐racism in U.S. early childhood education: Foundational principles
Escayg, K. (2020) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12764 · Cited by 58
The Measurement of Racial/Ethnic Identity in Children
Byrd, C. M. (2011) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798410397544 · Cited by 58
The Impact of Cognitive and Implicit Bias on Patient Safety and Quality
Balakrishnan, K., & Arjmand, E. M. (2018) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2018.08.016 · Cited by 55
Understanding How and Why Spatial Segregation Endures: A Systematic Review of Recent Research on Intergroup Relations at a Micro-Ecological Scale
Bettencourt, L., Dixon, J. A., & Castro, P. (2019) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.32872/spb.v14i2.33482 · Cited by 54
Can White children grow up to be Black? Children’s reasoning about the stability of emotion and race.
Roberts, S. O., & Gelman, S. A. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000132 · Cited by 54
Gendered-Peer Relationships in Educational Contexts
Martin, C. L., Fabes, R. A., & Hanish, L. D. (2014) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.04.002 · Cited by 56
Investigating Preschoolers’ Categorical Thinking About Gender Through Imitation, Attention, and the Use of Self-Categories
Grace, D. M., Dávid, B., & Ryan, M. K. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01234.x · Cited by 52
Can Fostering Children's Ability to Challenge Sexism Improve Critical Analysis, Internalization, and Enactment of Inclusive, Egalitarian Peer Relationships?
Pahlke, E. E., Bigler, R. S., & Martin, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12050 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Bridging the Gap by Enhancing the Fit: How Stereotypes about STEM Clash with Stereotypes about Girls
Kessels, U. (2015) · International Journal of Gender, Science, and Technology · Cited by 51
Constraints on the Acquisition of Social Category Concepts
Baron, A. S., Dunham, Y. C., Banaji, M. R., & Carey, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2012.742902 · Cited by 52
Children’s Judgments of Epistemic and Moral Agents: From Situations to Intentions
Koenig, M. A., Tiberius, V., & Hamlin, J. K. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618805452 · Cited by 49
Racial Categorization Predicts Implicit Racial Bias in Preschool Children
Setoh, P., Lee, K. J. J., Zhang, L., Qian, M. K., Quinn, P. C., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12851 · Cited by 49
Theory of mind is related to children’s resource allocations in gender stereotypic contexts.
Rizzo, M. T., & Killen, M. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000439 · Cited by 48
Wherein Lies Children’s Intergroup Bias? Egocentrism, Social Understanding, and Social Projection
Abrams, D. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01617.x · Cited by 52
Context differences in children’s ingroup preferences.
Mulvey, K. L., Hitti, A., Rutland, A., Abrams, D., & Killen, M. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035593 · Cited by 47
Imagining contact reduces prejudice in preschool children
Birtel, M. D., Bernardo, G. A. D., Stathi, S., Crisp, R. J., Cadamuro, A., & Vezzali, L. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12374 · Cited by 49

Authors: Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Bigler, Rebecca S.
Liben, Lynn S.
Venue: Advances in Child Development and Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2006
Volume: 34
Pages: 39-89
ISSN: 0065-2407 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2407(06)80004-2
OpenAlex: W1554618250
Cited by: 481
References: 196
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 31.78
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Advances in child development and behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: social stereotypes, prejudice formation, children, categorization, perceptual discriminability, group size, social labeling, segregation, essentialism, in-group favoritism, minority status, social cognition development
MeSH terms: Child, Child Development, Group Processes, Humans, Prejudice, Psychological Theory, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Stereotyping

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks