The measurement of psychological androgyny

Bem, Sandra L.

doi:10.1037/h0036215

Cited by 8,522Gender Roles and Identity StudiesGender and Feminist StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The measurement of psychological androgyny

Bem, Sandra L.·1974·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/h0036215

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Abstract

This article describes the development of a new sex-role inventory that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous " as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Normative data are presented, as well as the results of various psychometric analyses. The major findings of conceptual interest are: (a) the dimensions of masculinity and femininity are empirically as well as logically independent; (6) the concept of psychological androgyny is a reliable one; and (c) highly sex-typed scores do not reflect a general tendency to respond in a socially desirable direction, but rather a specific tendency to describe oneself in accordance with sex-typed standards of desirable behavior for men and women. Both in psychology and in society at large, masculinity and femininity have long been conceptualized as bipolar ends of a single continuum; accordingly, a person has had to be either masculine or feminine, but not both. This sex-role dichotomy has served to obscure two very plausible hypotheses: first, that many individuals might be "androgynous"; that is, they might be both masculine and feminine, both assertive and yielding, both instrumental and expressive—depending on the situational appropriateness of these vari-ous behaviors; and conversely, that strongly sex-typed individuals might be seriously lim-ited in the range of behaviors available to them as they move from situation to situa-tion. According to both Kagan (1964) and Kohlberg (1966), the highly sex-typed indi-vidual is motivated to keep his behavior con-sistent with an internalized sex-role standard, a goal that he presumably accomplishes by suppressing any behavior that might be con-sidered undesirable or inappropriate for his sex. Thus, whereas a narrowly masculine self-concept might inhibit behaviors that are stereotyped as feminine, and a narrowly femi-nine self-concept might inhibit behaviors that are stereotyped as masculine, a mixed, or!This research was supported by IROIMH 21735

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In school discourse, there is a predominance of horizontal and vertical segregation in the work market that has much to do with the sexual roles attributed to male and female social actors.
“In school discourse, we find a predominance of horizontal and vertical segregation in the work market that has much to do with the sexual roles attributed to male social actors (authority, leadership, ambition…) and to female social actors (comprehension, compassion, gentleness, an affinity for boys and girls) (Bem, 1974).”
From The influence of school textbooks on the configuration of gender identity: A study on the unequal representation of women and men in the school discourse during the Spanish democracy (2022) · cites this paper as Bem, 1974
Certain neutral or socially desirable attributes ('happy', 'jealous', 'sincere'), feminine attributes ('cheerful'), and masculine attributes ('athletic') are assigned indistinctly to men and women.
“There are also certain neutral or socially desirable attributes ('happy', 'jealous', 'sincere'), feminine attributes ('cheerful'), and masculine attributes ('athletic') that are assigned indistinctly to men and women (Bem, 1974).”
From The influence of school textbooks on the configuration of gender identity: A study on the unequal representation of women and men in the school discourse during the Spanish democracy (2022) · cites this paper as Bem, 1974
The few feminine attributes assigned to women tend to be from those items considered feminine in Bem's inventory.
“The few to be feminine attributes assigned to women tend to be from those items considered (Bem, 1974).”
From The influence of school textbooks on the configuration of gender identity: A study on the unequal representation of women and men in the school discourse during the Spanish democracy (2022) · cites this paper as Bem, 1974
In Bem's Sex Role Inventory, the author identifies two different patterns used in attributing qualities to social actors.
“In the Sex Role Inventory elaborated by Bem (1974) the author identifies two different patterns used in attributing qualities to social actors (Table 6).”
From The influence of school textbooks on the configuration of gender identity: A study on the unequal representation of women and men in the school discourse during the Spanish democracy (2022) · cites this paper as Bem, 1974
The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) measures traditional masculine and feminine roles as dichotomous constructs and is based on the theory of gender schemas.
“The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) (Bem, 1974) measures traditional masculine and feminine roles as dichotomous constructs and is based on the theory of gender schemas, which in turn, draws on the distinction of the sex roles of men and women.”
From Health From a Gender Perspective (2017) · cites this paper as Bem, 1974

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Authors: Bem, S. L.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Bem, Sandra L.
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1974
Volume: 42
Issue: 2
Pages: 155-162
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/h0036215
OpenAlex: W2099068279
Cited by: 8,522
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 157 · 2025: 183 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 232 · 2021: 244 · 2020: 335 · 2019: 237 · 2018: 207 · 2017: 240 · 2016: 243 · 2015: 226 · 2014: 224 · 2013: 244 · 2012: 223
FWCI: 151.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: psychological androgyny, masculinity, femininity, sex-typed behavior, self-concept, gender stereotypes, social desirability, personality assessment
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Self Concept, Sex, Sex Factors, Social Desirability

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The measurement of psychological androgyny

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