N4-hydroxylation of sulfamethoxazole by cytochrome P450 of the cytochrome P4502C subfamily and reduction of sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine in human and rat hepatic microsomes
Abstract
The N4-hydroxylation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) to its hydroxylamine (SMX-HA) metabolite is the first step in the formation of reactive metabolites responsible for mediating hypersensitivity reactions associated with this compound. In rat hepatic microsomes, the NADPH-dependent oxidation of SMX to SMX-HA was increased 3-fold by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital. Other cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers were ineffective. The constitutive and induced SMX N-hydroxylation activities were inhibited by tolbutamide, and induction of SMX-HA activity paralleled the induction of progesterone 21-hydroxylase activity, a marker for CYP2C6. SMX N-hydroxylation in phenobarbital-treated rat hepatic microsomes was inhibited 70% by anti-CYP2C6 antisera. Thus, the N4-hydroxylation of SMX by rat hepatic microsomes was mediated by members of the CYP2C subfamily, probably CYP2C6. In a panel of human microsomes, SMX-HA formation correlated with tolbutamide hydroxylase activity (r = 0.75; p = 0.01); CYP2C9 content (r = 0.79; p < 0.01) and was inhibited 70% by 500 microM tolbutamide and 90% by 100 microM sulfaphenazole. Recombinant CYP2C9 catalyzed the N-hydroxylation of SMX. SMX-HA formation in human hepatic microsomes was therefore mediated predominantly by CYP2C9. CYP-mediated reduction of SMX-HA to SMX was markedly induced in dexamethasone and phenobarbital-treated rat hepatic microsomes, and was attributed to CYP3A and CYP2B forms. In uninduced rat and human hepatic microsomes, SMX-HA reduction was mediated predominantly by an NADH-dependent microsomal hydroxylamine reductase under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, troleandomycin at > or = 1 microM inhibited the reduction of SMX-HA in human hepatic microsomes by 45%, whereas sulfaphenazole had no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Inhibition by atovaquone of CYP2C9-mediated sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine formation
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- Authors
- Cribb, A. E., Spielberg, S. P., & Griffin, G. P.
- Affiliations
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Cribb, A E
- Venue
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 406-414
- ISSN
- 0090-9556 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1743904312
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions
- Keywords
- sulfamethoxazole, CYP2C6, CYP2C9, CYP3A, CYP2B, liver microsomes, drug metabolism, phenobarbital induction, tolbutamide, sulfaphenazole, hydroxylamine reductase, troleandomycin, sulfonamide hypersensitivity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Humans, Hydroxylation, Male, Microsomes, Liver, Oxidation-Reduction, Sulfamethoxazole, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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