CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 387Vector-borne infectious diseasesClimate Change and Health ImpactsViral Infections and Vectors

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change

Lindgren, Elisabet, Gustafson, Rolf·2001·The Lancet
DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)05250-8
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Sweden has substantially increased since the mid-1980s. During the same period the climate has become milder and ticks have become more abundant. We investigated whether there is a link between the change in climate and the increase in incidence of TBE.Methods Since the late 1950s all cases of encephalitis admitted in Stockholm County have been serologically tested for TBE. We analysed the period 1960-98 with multiple regressions. The number of days per season with temperatures of known importance for tick prevalence and pathogen transmission were studied. 2 years of temperature data were related to each TBE incidence rate to account for the tick's long life-span.Findings Increases in disease incidence was significantly related (R(2)=0.58; p<0.0001) to a combination of two consecutive mild winters, temperatures favouring spring development (8-10 degrees C) and extended autumn activity (5-8 degrees C) in the year prior to the incidence year, and temperatures allowing tick activity (5-8 degrees C) early in the incidence year.Interpretations The findings indicate that the increase in TBE incidence since the mid-1980s is related to the period's change towards milder winters and early arrival of spring. Other factors may have influenced TBE incidence such as more people in endemic locations, and increases in host animal populations; factors which are partly climate related. Access to TBE vaccination since 1986 and increased awareness of ticks might have caused an underestimation of the links found. Our findings also suggest that the incidence of other tick-borne zoonoses might have been affected by the milder climate.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)05250-8

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 17 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Daniel, 1993, Influence of the microclimate on the vertical distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in central Europe, Acarologica, XXXIV, 105

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 387

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Lindgren, E., & Gustafson, R.
Affiliations
  • Stockholm University (SE)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Lindgren, Elisabet
ORCID
Lindgren, Elisabet
Venue
The Lancet
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2001-07
Volume
358
Issue
9275
Pages
16-18
ISSN
  • 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
  • 0140-6736
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(00)05250-8
OpenAlex
W2143532042
Cited by
387
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 13
FWCI
11.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • The Lancet (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
Keywords
tick-borne encephalitis, climate change, temperature, tick activity, disease incidence, spring temperature, autumn temperature, tick-borne zoonoses, Sweden, Stockholm County
MeSH terms
Animals, Climate, Cross-Sectional Studies, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne, Humans, Risk Factors, Sweden, Ticks, Incidence, Greenhouse Effect

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review