CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,671Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseInjury Epidemiology and Prevention

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Suicide

Hawton, Keith, van Heeringen, Kees·2009·The Lancet
DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60372-x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Suicide receives increasing attention worldwide, with many countries developing national strategies for prevention. Rates of suicide vary greatly between countries, with the greatest burdens in developing countries. Many more men than women die by suicide. Although suicide rates in elderly people have fallen in many countries, those in young people have risen. Rates also vary with ethnic origin, employment status, and occupation. Most people who die by suicide have psychiatric disorders, notably mood, substance-related, anxiety, psychotic, and personality disorders, with comorbidity being common. Previous self-harm is a major risk factor. Suicide is also associated with physical characteristics and disorders and smoking. Family history of suicidal behaviour is important, as are upbringing, exposure to suicidal behaviour by others and in the media, and availability of means. Approaches to suicide prevention include those targeting high-risk groups and population strategies. There are, however, many challenges to large-scale prevention, especially in developing countries.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60372-x

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 103

  1. Levi, 2003, Trends in mortality from suicide, 1965–99, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 108, 341, 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00147.x · DOI
  2. Chishti, 2003, Suicide mortality in the European Union, Eur J Public Health, 13, 108, 10.1093/eurpub/13.2.108 · DOI
  3. Gajalakshmi, 2007, Suicide rates in rural Tamil Nadu, South India: verbal autopsy of 39 000 deaths in 1997–98, Int J Epidemiol, 36, 203, 10.1093/ije/dyl308 · DOI
  4. Terao, 2002, Effect of latitude on suicide rates in Japan, Lancet, 360, 1892, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11761-2 · DOI
  5. Wasserman, 2005, Global suicide rates among young people aged 15–19, World Psychiatry, 4, 114
  6. Pritchard, 2005, Comparison of suicide in people aged 65–74 and 75+ by gender in England and Wales and the major Western countries 1979–1999, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 20, 17, 10.1002/gps.1213 · DOI
  7. Bridge, 2006, Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 47, 372, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01615.x · DOI · Paper page
  8. Yip, 2000, Seasonal variation in suicides: diminished or vanished. Experience from England and Wales, 1982–1996, Br J Psychiatry, 177, 366, 10.1192/bjp.177.4.366 · DOI
  9. Salib, 2006, Effect of month of birth on the risk of suicide, Br J Psychiatry, 188, 416, 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.009118 · DOI
  10. McKenzie, 2003, Suicide in ethnic minority groups, Br J Psychiatry, 183, 100, 10.1192/bjp.183.2.100 · DOI
  11. Neeleman, 1999, Ethnic minority suicide: a small area geographical study in South London, Psychol Med, 29, 429, 10.1017/S003329179800806X · DOI · Paper page
  12. Hunt, 2003, Suicides in ethnic minorities within 12 months of contact with mental health services: national clinical survey, Br J Psychiatry, 183, 155, 10.1192/bjp.183.2.155 · DOI
  13. Voracek, 2008, Consistency of immigrant and country-of-birth suicide rates: a meta-analysis, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 118, 259, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01238.x · DOI
  14. Blakely, 2003, Unemployment and suicide: evidence for a causal association?, J Epidemiol Community Health, 57, 594, 10.1136/jech.57.8.594 · DOI
  15. Hawton, 2001, Suicide in doctors: a study of risk according to gender, seniority and specialty in medical practitioners in England and Wales, 1979–1995, J Epidemiol Community Health, 55, 296, 10.1136/jech.55.5.296 · DOI
  16. Schernhammer, 2004, Suicide rates among physicians: a quantitative and gender assessment (meta-analysis), Am J Psychiatry, 161, 2295, 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2295 · DOI
  17. Agerbo, 2007, Suicide and occupation: the impact of socio-economic, demographic and psychiatric differences, Psychol Med, 37, 1131, 10.1017/S0033291707000487 · DOI
  18. Kelly, 1998, Trends in suicide in England and Wales, 1982–96, Popul Trends, 92, 29
  19. Fazel, 2005, Suicides in male prisoners in England and Wales, 1978–2003, Lancet, 366, 1301, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67325-4 · DOI
  20. Denning, 2000, Method choice, intent, and gender in completed suicide, Suicide Life Threat Behav, 30, 282, 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2000.tb00992.x · DOI
  21. Brent, 2003, Firearms availability and suicide, Am Behav Sci, 46, 1192, 10.1177/0002764202250662 · DOI
  22. Hawton, 1998, The psychological autopsy approach to studying suicide: a review of methodological issues, J Affect Disord, 50, 269
  23. Vijayakumar, 1999, Are risk factors for suicide universal? A case-control study in India, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 99, 407, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00985.x · DOI
  24. Yang, 2005, Understanding the unique characteristics of suicide in China: national psychological autopsy study, Biomed Environ Sci, 18, 379
  25. Harris, 1998, Excess mortality of mental disorder, Br J Psychiatry, 173, 11, 10.1192/bjp.173.1.11 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Coryell, 2005, Clinical predictors of suicide in primary major depressive disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 66, 412, 10.4088/JCP.v66n0401 · DOI
  27. Hawton, 2005, Suicide and attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of risk factors, J Clin Psychiatry, 66, 693, 10.4088/JCP.v66n0604 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Hawton, 2005, Schizophrenia and suicide: a systematic review of risk factors, Br J Psychiatry, 187, 9, 10.1192/bjp.187.1.9 · DOI
  29. Conner, 2004, Predisposing and precipitating factors for suicide among alcoholics: empirical review and conceptual integration, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 28, 6S, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000127410.84505.2A · DOI
  30. Khan, 2002, Suicide risk in patients with anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of the FDA database, J Affect Disord, 68, 183, 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00354-8 · DOI
  31. Warshaw, 2000, Suicidal behavior in patients with current or past panic disorder: five years of prospective data from the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Program, Am J Psychiatry, 157, 1876, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1876 · DOI
  32. Zivin, 2007, Suicide mortality among individuals receiving treatment for depression in the veterans affairs health system: associations with patient and treatment setting characteristics, Am J Public Health, 97, 2193, 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115477 · DOI
  33. James, 2004, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and suicide: a review of possible associations, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 110, 408, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00384.x · DOI · Paper page
  34. Sarwer, 2007, Cosmetic breast augmentation and suicide, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 1006, 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.7.1006 · DOI
  35. Foster, 1997, Mental disorders and suicide in Northern Ireland, Br J Psychiatry, 170, 447, 10.1192/bjp.170.5.447 · DOI
  36. Duberstein, 1997, Personality disorders and completed suicide: a methodological and conceptual review, Clin Psychol Sci Pract, 4, 359, 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00127.x · DOI
  37. Lieb, 2004, Borderline personality disorder, Lancet, 364, 453, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16770-6 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Mishara, 2007, Prevention of deaths from intentional pesticide poisoning, Crisis, 28, 10, 10.1027/0227-5910.28.S1.10 · DOI
  39. Ernst, 2004, Suicide and no axis I psychopathology, BMC Psychiatry, 4, 7, 10.1186/1471-244X-4-7 · DOI
  40. Harwood, 2006, Suicide in older people without psychiatric disorders, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 21, 363, 10.1002/gps.1473 · DOI
  41. Magnusson, 2006, Association of body mass index with suicide mortality: a prospective cohort study of more than one million men, Am J Epididemiol, 163, 1, 10.1093/aje/kwj002 · DOI
  42. Malone, 2003, Cigarette smoking, suicidal behaviour, and serotonin function in major psychiatric disorders, Am J Psychiatry, 160, 773, 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.773 · DOI
  43. Harris, 1994, Suicide as an outcome for medical disorders, Medicine, 73, 281, 10.1097/00005792-199411000-00001 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Zahl, 2004, Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: long-term follow-up study in 11 583 patients, Br J Psychiatry, 185, 70, 10.1192/bjp.185.1.70 · DOI
  45. Harriss, 2005, Value of measuring suicidal intent in the assessment of people attending hospital following self-poisoning or self-injury, Br J Psychiatry, 186, 60, 10.1192/bjp.186.1.60 · DOI
  46. Silverman, 2006, The language of suicidology, Suicide Life Threat Behav, 36, 519, 10.1521/suli.2006.36.5.519 · DOI
  47. Cavanagh, 1999, Life events in suicide and undetermined death in south-east Scotland: a case-control study using the method of psychological autopsy, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 34, 645, 10.1007/s001270050187 · DOI
  48. Chou, 2003, Suicides after the 1999 Taiwan earthquake, Int J Epidemiol, 32, 1007, 10.1093/ije/dyg296 · DOI
  49. Hawton, 2000, Effect of death of Diana, Princess of Wales on suicide and self-harm, Br J Psychiatry, 177, 463, 10.1192/bjp.177.5.463 · DOI
  50. Selakovic-Bursic, 2006, The Balkan Piedmont: male suicide rates pre-war, wartime, and post-war in Serbia and Montenegro, Arch Suicide Res, 10, 225, 10.1080/13811110600582406 · DOI
  51. Brent, 2003, Peripubertal suicide attempts in offspring of suicide attempters with siblings concordant for suicidal behavior, Am J Psychiatry, 160, 1486, 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1486 · DOI
  52. Gould, 1990, Time-space clustering of teenage suicide, Am J Epid, 131, 71, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115487 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Brown, 1997, Epidemiology of suicide pacts in England and Wales, 1988–92, BMJ, 315, 286, 10.1136/bmj.315.7103.286 · DOI
  54. Naito, 2007, Internet suicide in Japan: implications for child and adolescent mental health, Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 12, 583, 10.1177/1359104507080990 · DOI
  55. Biddle, 2008, Suicide and the internet, BMJ, 336, 800, 10.1136/bmj.39525.442674.AD · DOI
  56. Stack, 2003, Media coverage as a risk factor in suicide, J Epidemiol Community Health, 57, 238, 10.1136/jech.57.4.238 · DOI
  57. Hawton, 1999, Effects of a drug overdose in a television drama on presentations to hospital for self poisoning:time series and questionnaire study, BMJ, 318, 972, 10.1136/bmj.318.7189.972 · DOI
  58. Åsberg, 1976, 5 HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical suicide predictor?, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 33, 1193, 10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770100055005 · DOI
  59. Stanley, 1983, Increased serotonin-2 binding-sites in frontal-cortex of suicide victims, Lancet, 1, 214, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92590-4 · DOI
  60. Coryell, 2001, The dexamethasone suppression test and suicide prediction, Am J Psychiatry, 158, 748, 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.748 · DOI · Paper page
  61. Jokinen, 2007, DST non-suppression predicts suicide after attempted suicide, Psychiatry Res, 150, 297, 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.12.001 · DOI
  62. Partonen, 1999, Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide, Br J Psychiatry, 175, 259, 10.1192/bjp.175.3.259 · DOI
  63. Meyer, 2004, Brain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with carbon 11-labeled DASB positron emission tomography—effects of major depression episodes and severity of dysfunctional attitudes, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 61, 1271, 10.1001/archpsyc.61.12.1271 · DOI
  64. Van Heeringen, 2003, Prefrontal 5-HT2a receptor binding index, hopelessness and personality characteristics in attempted suicide, J Affect Disord, 74, 149, 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00482-7 · DOI
  65. Jollant, 2005, Impaired decision making in suicide attempters, Am J Psychiatry, 162, 304, 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.304 · DOI · Paper page
  66. Jollant, 2008, Orbitofrontal cortex response to angry faces in men with histories of suicide attempts, Am J Psychiatry, 165, 740, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081239 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Mittendorfer-Rutz, 2004, Restricted fetal growth and adverse maternal psychosocial and socioeconomic conditions as risk factors for suicidal behaviour of offspring: a cohort study, Lancet, 364, 1135, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17099-2 · DOI
  68. Magnusson, 2005, Strong inverse association between height and suicide in a large cohort of Swedish men: evidence of early life origins of suicidal behavior?, Am J Psychiatry, 162, 1373, 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1373 · DOI
  69. Riordan, 2006, Perinatal circumstances and risk of offspring suicide—birth cohort study, Br J Psychiatry, 189, 502, 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015974 · DOI
  70. Oquendo, 2004, Nurture versus nature: evidence of intrauterine effects on suicidal behaviour, Lancet, 364, 1102, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17115-8 · DOI
  71. Brezo, 2006, Personality traits as correlates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide completions: a systematic review, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 113, 180, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00702.x · DOI
  72. Brent, 1994, Personality-disorder, personality-traits, impulsive violence, and completed suicide in adolescents, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 33, 1080, 10.1097/00004583-199410000-00003 · DOI
  73. McMillan, 2007, Can we predict suicide and non-fatal self-harm with the Beck Hopelessness Scale? A meta-analysis, Psychol Med, 37, 769, 10.1017/S0033291706009664 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Agerbo, 2002, Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case-control study, BMJ, 325, 74, 10.1136/bmj.325.7355.74 · DOI · Paper page
  75. Spirito, 2006, Attempted and completed suicide in adolescence, Ann Rev Clin Psychol, 2, 237, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095323 · DOI
  76. Gould, 1986, The impact of suicide in television movies: evidence of imitation, N Engl J Med, 315, 690, 10.1056/NEJM198609113151107 · DOI
  77. Harwood, 2001, Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 16, 155, 10.1002/1099-1166(200102)16:2<155::AID-GPS289>3.0.CO;2-0 · DOI
  78. Waern, 2002, Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: case-control study, BMJ, 324, 1355, 10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1355 · DOI · Paper page
  79. Harwood, 2006, Life problems and physical illness as risk factors for suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study, Psychol Med, 36, 1265, 10.1017/S0033291706007872 · DOI
  80. Oquendo, 2006, Prospective studies of suicidal behavior in major depressive and bipolar disorders: what is the evidence for predictive risk factors?, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 114, 151, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00829.x · DOI
  81. Gibbons, 2005, The relationship between antidepressant medication use and rate of suicide, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 165, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.165 · DOI · Paper page
  82. Gunnell, 2005, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and suicide in adults: meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials submitted to the MHRA's safety review, BMJ, 330, 385, 10.1136/bmj.330.7488.385 · DOI
  83. Wheeler, 2008, The population impact on incidence of suicide and non-fatal self harm of regulatory action against the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in under 18s in the United Kingdom: ecological study, BMJ, 336, 542, 10.1136/bmj.39462.375613.BE · DOI
  84. Gibbons, 2007, Early evidence on the effects of regulators' suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 1356, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030454 · DOI
  85. Whittington, 2004, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data, Lancet, 363, 1341, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16043-1 · DOI
  86. Kellner, 2005, Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study, Am J Psychiatry, 162, 977, 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.977 · DOI
  87. Cipriani, 2005, Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behaviour and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomised trials, Am J Psychiatry, 162, 1805, 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1805 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Tiihonen, 2006, Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of patients in community care after first hospitalisation due to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: observational follow-up study, BMJ, 333, 224, 10.1136/bmj.38881.382755.2F · DOI
  89. Meehan, 2006, Suicide in mental health in-patients and within 3 months of discharge: national clinical survey, Br J Psychiatry, 188, 129, 10.1192/bjp.188.2.129 · DOI
  90. Skegg, 2005, Self-harm, Lancet, 366, 1471, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67600-3 · DOI
  91. Routley, 2007, Motor vehicle exhaust gas suicide: review of countermeasures, Crisis, 28, 28, 10.1027/0227-5910.28.S1.28 · DOI
  92. Bennewith, 2007, Effect of barriers on the Clifton suspension bridge, England, on local patterns of suicide: implications for prevention, Br J Psychiatry, 190, 266, 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027136 · DOI · Paper page
  93. Gunnell, 2005, The epidemiology and prevention of suicide by hanging: a systematic review, Int J Epidemiol, 34, 433, 10.1093/ije/dyh398 · DOI
  94. Pirkis, 1998, Suicide and recency of health care contacts: a systematic review, Br J Psychiatry, 173, 462, 10.1192/bjp.173.6.462 · DOI
  95. Rutz, 1992, Long-term effects of an educational program for general practitioners given by the Swedish Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 85, 83, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb01448.x · DOI
  96. Szanto, 2007, A suicide prevention program in a region with a very high suicide rate, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64, 914, 10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.914 · DOI · Paper page
  97. Gould, 2003, Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 42, 386, 10.1097/01.CHI.0000046821.95464.CF · DOI
  98. Portzky, 2006, Suicide prevention in adolescents: a controlled study of the effectiveness of a school-based psycho-educational program, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 47, 910, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01595.x · DOI
  99. Gould, 2005, Evaluating iatrogenic risk of youth suicide screening programs: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 293, 1635, 10.1001/jama.293.13.1635 · DOI · Paper page
  100. Pirkis, 2006, Media guidelines on the reporting of suicide, Crisis, 27, 82, 10.1027/0227-5910.27.2.82 · DOI
  101. Michel, 2000, An exercise in improving suicide reporting in print media, Crisis, 21, 1, 10.1027//0227-5910.21.2.71 · DOI
  102. Sonneck, 1994, Imitative suicide on the Viennese subway, Soc Sci Med, 38, 453, 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90447-2 · DOI
  103. Niederkrotenthaler, 2007, Assessing the impact of media guidelines for reporting on suicides in Austria: interrupted time series analysis, Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 41, 419, 10.1080/00048670701266680 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 1,671

Metadata

Authors
Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K.
Affiliations
  • Warneford Hospital (GB)
  • Ghent University Hospital (BE)
Corresponding author
Hawton, Keith
ORCID
Venue
The Lancet
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-04
Volume
373
Issue
9672
Pages
1372-1381
ISSN
  • 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
  • 0140-6736
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60372-x
OpenAlex
W4211120965
Cited by
1,671
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 143 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 118 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 143 · 2014: 118 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 92
FWCI
10.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • The Lancet (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
Keywords
suicide, suicide prevention, suicide rates, sex differences in suicide, elderly suicide, mental illness, comorbidities, self-harm, family history of suicide, suicide methods, developing countries, national suicide prevention strategy
MeSH terms
Suicide Prevention, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Developing Countries, Employment, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Occupations, Primary Prevention, Risk Factors, Seasons, Smoking, Suicide, Global Health, Self-Injurious Behavior, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review