The DOI matches its Crossref record; 146 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is now a pandemic and shows no signs of abatement. In this Seminar we review the pathophysiology of this disorder, with particular attention to epidemiology, genetics, epigenetics, and molecular cell biology. Evidence is emerging that a substantial part of diabetes susceptibility is acquired early in life, probably owing to fetal or neonatal programming via epigenetic phenomena. Maternal and early childhood health might, therefore, be crucial to the development of effective prevention strategies. Diabetes develops because of inadequate islet β-cell and adipose-tissue responses to chronic fuel excess, which results in so-called nutrient spillover, insulin resistance, and metabolic stress. The latter damages multiple organs. Insulin resistance, while forcing β cells to work harder, might also have an important defensive role against nutrient-related toxic effects in tissues such as the heart. Reversal of overnutrition, healing of the β cells, and lessening of adipose tissue defects should be treatment priorities.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Despite this, the liver does not seem to be a primary pathogenic driver of T2DM or GDM [123].”
From The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
In the citing paper
“This is an important distinction when considering potential treatments for GDM: attempts to directly reverse skeletal muscle insulin resistance, without reducing plasma glucose concentrations, could be detrimental [123].”
From The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
Citations
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s062 · Cited by 14,094
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873
Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes
(2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802743 · Cited by 7,888
Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030
Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007 · Cited by 7,216
Central nervous system control of food intake
Schwartz, M. W., Woods, S. C., Porte, D., Seeley, R. J., & Baskin, D. G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35007534 · Cited by 6,451
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1848 · Cited by 5,390
Identification and Importance of Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans
Cypess, A. M., Lehman, S., Williams, G., Tal, I., Rodman, D., Goldfine, A. B., Kuo, F. C., Palmer, E. L., Tseng, Y.-H., Doria, A., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0810780 · Cited by 4,399
Pan, X.-R., Li, G.-W., Hu, Y.-H., Wang, J.-X., Yang, W.-Y., An, Z.-X., Hu, Z.-X., Juan-Lin, Xiao, J.-Z., Cao, H.-B., et al. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.4.537 · Cited by 4,320
β-Cell Deficit and Increased β-Cell Apoptosis in Humans With Type 2 Diabetes
Butler, A. E., Janson, J., Bonner-Weir, S., Ritzel, R., Rizza, R. A., & Butler, P. C. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.1.102 · Cited by 4,011
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–924 of 924
Tjora, E. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Local Purinergic Control of Arteriolar Reactivity in Pancreatic Islets and Renal Glomeruli
Gao, X. (2014) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Yamamoto, A. P. D. M. (2013) · Aleph UCLA Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences
Juvinao-Quintero, D. L., Marioni, R. E., Ochoa‐Rosales, C., Russ, T. C., Deary, I. J., van Meurs, J. B. J., Voortman, T., Hivert, M., Sharp, G. C., Relton, C. L., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14100199
Yousef, T. K., Al-Gazally, M. E., & Bayati, A. A. (2025) · Medical Journal of Babylon · doi:10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_369_23
β-Cell adaptation to metabolic stresses requires prolactin receptor signaling
Lee, D., Kahlon, R., Deng, J., Kluttig, K. H., Morrow, N. M., Mulvihill, E. E., & Huang, C. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00108.2025
Vella, R. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5d6d7be0z4be0z4763z94a7z7426da9a6eb3
Espinosa-Carrasco, G. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f4c31cbcz110ez48dbza3eaz9a7512ef00fe
Treatment of Youth‐Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on SGLT‐2 Inhibitor Use
Arslanian, S. A., Barrett, T. G., & Shehadeh, N. (2026) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1155/pedi/4555805
Pascat, V. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ee25a652z0aadz46c1z83f4zd89e14223bfb
Roy, P., Medhi, K., Medhi, J., & Phukan, C. (2026) · Assam Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.4103/ajoim.ajoim_5_26
Weissmann, S., Amitai, N., Honig, E., Eshkoli, T., & Horev, A. (2026) · Dermatitis · doi:10.1177/17103568261454831
Britten, F. L., Shipton, E. V., Duke, M., Duncan, E. L., & Callaway, L. K. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70315
Crosstalk between gut microbiota and RNA N6-methyladenosine modification in diabetic retinopathy
Hu, J., Dong, S., Yao, Z., Gao, Z., & Jiang, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1841882
Huang, Z., Jian, L., Xiang, J., Du, Y., Liu, S., Lu, Y., & Zhu, X. (2026) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.67.10.48
Correa-Basurto, A. M., Valdés, M. Á. S., Pérez, L. C. C., Reyes-Vallejo, N., Cruz, A., Rosales‐Hernández, M. C., SALAZAR, J. A., & Mendieta‐Wejebe, J. E. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27198863
Zu, Y., Walker, T., Tan, G., Halder, S., Morovati, A., Adegbile, T., scoggin, S., & Moustaïd‐Moussa, N. (2026) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154825
Barron-Ramírez, B., Pérez-Viveros, D. J., & Estrada-Luna, D. (2026) · Revista Electrónica de PortalesMedicos com · doi:10.64396/v21-0224
BindingDB Entry 50047051: Structure-Activity Relationship of Azaindole-Based Glucokinase Activators.
BindingDB (2017) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2cf9s0f
Proinsulin Trafficking through the Secretory Pathway.
Rajpal, G. (2012) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Metadata
- Authors
- Nolan, C. J., Damm, P., & Prentki, M.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Nolan, Christopher J
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 378
- Issue
- 9786
- Pages
- 169-181
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2156472431
- Cited by
- 923
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 13.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, pathophysiology, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, adipose tissue dysfunction, metabolic stress, epigenetics, fetal programming, neonatal programming, genetic susceptibility, diabetes prevention, diabetes management, overnutrition, maternal health, early childhood health
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Glucagon, Homeostasis, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Liver, Myocardium, Obesity, Prediabetic State, Pregnancy, Diabetes, Gestational, Muscle, Skeletal, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Epigenesis, Genetic, Fetal Development, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Incretins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
