The DOI matches its Crossref record; 146 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is now a pandemic and shows no signs of abatement. In this Seminar we review the pathophysiology of this disorder, with particular attention to epidemiology, genetics, epigenetics, and molecular cell biology. Evidence is emerging that a substantial part of diabetes susceptibility is acquired early in life, probably owing to fetal or neonatal programming via epigenetic phenomena. Maternal and early childhood health might, therefore, be crucial to the development of effective prevention strategies. Diabetes develops because of inadequate islet β-cell and adipose-tissue responses to chronic fuel excess, which results in so-called nutrient spillover, insulin resistance, and metabolic stress. The latter damages multiple organs. Insulin resistance, while forcing β cells to work harder, might also have an important defensive role against nutrient-related toxic effects in tissues such as the heart. Reversal of overnutrition, healing of the β cells, and lessening of adipose tissue defects should be treatment priorities.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Despite this, the liver does not seem to be a primary pathogenic driver of T2DM or GDM [123].”
From The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
In the citing paper
“This is an important distinction when considering potential treatments for GDM: attempts to directly reverse skeletal muscle insulin resistance, without reducing plasma glucose concentrations, could be detrimental [123].”
From The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
Citations
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s062 · Cited by 14,094
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873
Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes
(2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802743 · Cited by 7,888
Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030
Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007 · Cited by 7,216
Central nervous system control of food intake
Schwartz, M. W., Woods, S. C., Porte, D., Seeley, R. J., & Baskin, D. G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35007534 · Cited by 6,451
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1848 · Cited by 5,390
Identification and Importance of Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans
Cypess, A. M., Lehman, S., Williams, G., Tal, I., Rodman, D., Goldfine, A. B., Kuo, F. C., Palmer, E. L., Tseng, Y.-H., Doria, A., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0810780 · Cited by 4,399
Pan, X.-R., Li, G.-W., Hu, Y.-H., Wang, J.-X., Yang, W.-Y., An, Z.-X., Hu, Z.-X., Juan-Lin, Xiao, J.-Z., Cao, H.-B., et al. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.4.537 · Cited by 4,320
β-Cell Deficit and Increased β-Cell Apoptosis in Humans With Type 2 Diabetes
Butler, A. E., Janson, J., Bonner-Weir, S., Ritzel, R., Rizza, R. A., & Butler, P. C. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.1.102 · Cited by 4,011
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 924
Effects of glucose and fatty acids interactions on glucose metabolism pathways in human trophoblasts
Franco, C. B. (2015) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d6e4af2a46b5
Bell, J. A. (2015) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Editorial. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: The Long Journey into Present
Mihai, B. M., Lăcătușu, C.-M., Grigorescu, E.-D., & Botnariu, G. E. (2015) · Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.1515/rjdnmd-2015-0027
“Is It Really No Big Deal?” Suggestions for Providers From Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Bedwell, S. (2014) · AADE in Practice · doi:10.1177/2325160314553617
Rothenbacher, D. (2011) · Diabetes aktuell · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1301743
Novel functions of B7-H4 in β cell physiology and stress response
Sun, A. C. (2015) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0166232
Czech, A., & Wierzbicki, P. (2012)
de Paula, F. J. A., Dick‐de‐Paula, I., Kawai, M., & Rosen, C. J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415853-5.00040-6
Metabolic-Inflammation Aspects of Depression and Cardiovascular Disease
Rosenblat, J. D., Kakar, R., & McIntyre, R. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32480-7_14
An evaluation of the relationship between self-esteem and pet bonding in children
Evans-Smith, P. L. (2014) · doi:10.32469/10355/45782
Semkoff, J. M. (2015) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)
Полторак, В. В. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.4.76.2016.77809
Babenko, A. Y. (2015) · Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) · doi:10.18705/1607-419x-2015-21-4-334-348
Rodriguez-Lopez, M. (2015) · UVaDOC UVaDOC University of Valladolid Documentary Repository (University of Valladolid) · doi:10.35376/10324/18750
Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Bajaj, K., & Gross, S. J. (2015)
Полторак, В. В., Кравчун, Н. А., & Gorshunska, M. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.8.72.2015.72337
Полторак, В. В., Кравчун, Н. А., & Gorshunska, M. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.7.71.2015.72588
Ananthakrishnan, K. (2016) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
DNA methylation : a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Mutize, T. (2016)
Dietary Manipulation of Gut Microbiota for Improvement of Metabolic Health
Bomhof, M. R. (2016) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/25704
Perfil nociceptivo orofacial em ratos diabéticos
Herculiani, C. C. F. (2016) · doi:10.11606/d.25.2016.tde-30082016-093712
Postprandial Metabolic and Appetite Responses Following Whey Protein Supplementation at Breakfast
Allerton, D. M. (2016) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)
Irwin, R. (2017) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Ley, S. H. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Boyadzhieva, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56440-1_3
Zheng, Y., Fang, D. H., Wang, M., Ma, X., Xu, M., & He, S. (2017) · Journal of Obesity and Weight-loss Medication · doi:10.23937/2572-4010.1510019
Dietary Proanthocyanidin Modulation of Pancreatic β Cells
Pinent, M., González‐Abuín, N., Blay, M., & Ardèvol, A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801585-8.00016-6 · Cited by 1
Genomics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits
Gupta, V., & Walia, G. K. (2017) · International Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1080/09723757.2017.1383655
What patients pay for medicines: a comparison of six countries
Herd, C. E. (2017) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Operating Department Practitioners Care of the Patient with Diabetes in the Perioperative Period
Morley, N. (2017) · Journal of Perioperative Practice · doi:10.1177/175045891702700402
Epigenetics and Diabetes: Current and Perspective
Gouri, A., Dekaken, A., Chefrour, M., & Guieu, R. (2015) · International Journal of Diabetology & Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.19070/2328-353x-1500019
Arovah, N. I. (1905) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.118193
Deng, F. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3wh2dp0s
Non-Immune Islet beta cell susceptibility to failure in NODk mice
Hussain, A. H. (2017) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d67b4a4d618c
Blood Sugar Control and Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet
Kang, E. H. (2018) · Journal of Korean Diabetes · doi:10.4093/jkd.2018.19.4.237
A study on dietary pattern of patients with type-2 diabetes
Bashet, M. A., Dash, T. C., Rahman, M. E., & Moonajilin, M. S. (2019) · International Journal of Scientific Reports · doi:10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20192797
The Role of Lipoxygenase and Interleukin-6 on Islet β-cell Oxidative Stress and Dysfunction
Conteh, A. M. (2019) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2/1901
Treatment for type 2 diabetes in elderly patients: safety is a priority
Orna, J. A. G., & García, B. G. (2019) · Revista Clínica Española (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rceng.2019.06.002
Leçons des grandes études cardiovasculaires et rénales portant sur les nouveaux antidiabétiques
Halimi, S. (2019) · Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements · doi:10.1016/s1878-6480(19)30960-7
Understanding the Influence of Diabetes Management Practices on Co-Morbidity Development
Ossai, C. I., Goldberg, S. L., & Wickramasinghe, N. S. (2019) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1371-2.ch024
Anti-diabetic property of purple rice
Chungkham, N., & Singh, N. (2019) · FOOD SCIENCE RESEARCH JOURNAL · doi:10.15740/has/fsrj/10.2/237-242
Novel inhibitors of lipid phosphatase SHIP2 and their effects on the phosphorylation of Akt kinase
Mehta, S. (2020) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Liu, F., Sun, M.-H., Zhao, J., Yang, M., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., Dong, J., & Liao, L. (2020) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-1128-6957
Glycaemia, renal function and body mass in men and women with type 2 diabetes
Pirić, M., Šojat, D., Mišković, V., Šapina, M., Popović, Z., & Bačun, T. (2020) · Medicinski Glasnik · doi:10.17392/1210-20
Dumpala, S. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.203959
Shafidelpour, S., Foroughmand, A. M., Zakerkish, M., & Borujeni, M. P. (2019) · Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services · doi:10.34172/mj.2020.007
Espinoza, C. G. A. (2019) · Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola · doi:10.20511/usil.thesis/9495
Zamany, S., Mahdavi, A. M., Pirouzpanah, S., & Barzegar, A. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-262149/v1
Bekhite, M. M., Delgado, A. G., Kretzschma, T., Müller, T., Wu, J. M. F., Bekfani, T., Franz, M., Wartenberg, M., Gräler, M. H., Greber, B., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-47563/v1
Détection cérébrale du glucose et homéostasie du glucose
Thorens, B., & Labouèbe, G. (2021) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/j.mmm.2021.05.004 · Cited by 2
Wehabrebi, M. A., Takele, G. M., Kidanu, H. T. M., Gebrekidan, K. G., & Gebregiorgis, B. G. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-51145/v1
Reusch, F. S., & Steinhäuser, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-15280-1.00060-6
de Paula, F. J. A., Dick‐de‐Paula, I., Kawai, M., & Rosen, C. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813073-5.00034-4
Preexistent chronic disorders, often directly affecting pregnancy
Peeters, L. L. H., de Leeuw, P. W., & Uiterweer, E. D. P. (2021) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2571-9_3
da Silva, L. A., Wouk, J., Weber, V. M. R., Altimari, L. R., Dourado, A. C., Malfatti, C. R. M., & Osiecki, R. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.29169/1927-5951.2018.08.04.8
Özdemır, L., & Polat, V. (2022) · Cumhuriyet Tıp Dergisi/Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.7197/cmj.1088573
Clinical aspects of transgenerational epigenetics
Sijbrands, E. J. G. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816363-4.00022-5
Offermanns, S. (2012) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12354-2_54
Zayachkivska, О., Hrytsevych, N., & Yashchenko, А. М. (2015) · Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences · doi:10.12923/j.2084-980x/26.1/a.20
Offermanns, S. (2016) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-46689-6_54
Ling, W., Yi, H., Xiao, Y., Yan-Mei, H., Yang-Fu, O., Hong, X., & Hai‐Lu, Z. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-16319/v1
Endocrine and Reproductive Effects of Ketogenic Diets
Harney, J. P., Gudsnuk, K. M., Patel, A. R., Vellipuram, A., Bandaru, S. S., & Butler, D. (2016) · doi:10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0025
Walters, R. G., Fairhurst-Hunter, Z., Lin, K., Millwood, I. Y., Pozarickij, A., Chen, T., Torres, J., Luan, J., Kartsonaki, C., Gan, W., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1832470/v1
DİYABETİK GEBELERDE YÜKSEK GLİKOLİZE HEMOGLOBİN DÜZEYLERİNİN OBSTETRİK VE NEONATAL SONUÇLARA ETKİSİ
BİNGÜL, E., Yıldız, G. A., & İngeç, M. (2022) · Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.24938/kutfd.1075896
Al-Hilaly, A. K. M., Al-Salih, H. A. A., & Hassooni, F. K. (2021) · Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences · doi:10.36326/kjvs/2021/v12i23281
Association between Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Diseases
Elsheikh, S. A., Uddin, K. M., Zia, S., Batool, S. A., & Junejo, F. K. (2022) · National Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.21089/njhs.63.0121
Scheithauer, T. P. M. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.82
Comorbilidades y Tuberculosis: Diabetes, Depresión y Enfermedad Renal Crónica
Gil, C. U. (2019) · Diagnóstico · doi:10.33734/diagnostico.v57i4.52
“Medicina mitocondrial” y diabetes mellitus: aspectos importantes
Serna–Trejos, J. S., Murillo, M. S. M., Ramírez-Burbano, L. M., & Neira–Ruiz, L. C. (2023) · Metro Ciencia · doi:10.47464/metrociencia/vol31/1/2023/81-84
Gay, J. G., & Prada, D. (2020) · Latin American Journal of Clinical Sciences and Medical Technology · doi:10.34141/ljcs3500717
A glance on antioxidants: The role of sulfur amino acids in retinal disorders
Castelli, V., Byrd-Leotis, L. A., Novelli, R., Brandolini, L., Cimini, A., & Allegretti, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19247-0.00016-3
Stem cell’s potential role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Bharadwaj, M. N. R., Mythreyi, R., Basalingappa, K. M., Gopenath, T. S., & Gobianand, K. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18800-8.00010-1
Mohammed, E. D., & Sun, B. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3810049/v1
Clinical Studies on Diabetic and Non- Diabetic Patients with Respect to Lipid Profile Test
Prasanna, K. S., Suma, B., -, B. M. S., & -, P. K. M. (2024) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12868
Korvyakova, Y., Azarova, I. E., Klyosova, E. Y., Postnikova, M., Makarenko, V., Bushueva, O. Y., Solodilova, M. A., & Polonikov, A. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.16.24304385
Übersicht über die Komorbidität zwischen medizinischen Erkrankungen und Übergewicht/Fettleibigkeit
Nolan, C. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55637-1_4
Self-citationIncidence of Diabetes Mellitus in the Kyrgyz Republic and the World. Factors Influencing Its Course
Ismailov, U. S. (2024) · Bulletin of Science and Practice · doi:10.33619/2414-2948/104/25
Sophia, F., & Steinhäuser, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21029-7.00060-7
Robledo, J. A., Pereyra, I., & Giorgi, D. (2024) · Revista Mexicana de Pediatría · doi:10.35366/118502
Nutraceuticals in Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Hangül, C., Güngör, M., Çetin, Z., Görgişen, G., & Saygılı, E. İ. (2024) · Food bioactive ingredients · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76481-3_5
Ling, W., Wang, Y.-C., Huang, Y., Ou, Y.-X., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.94976 · Cited by 1
Air Pollution Cardiovascular Disease
Knuckles, T. L., & DeVallance, E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95488-4.00142-x
Raets, L., Hoorenbeeck, K. V., Maes, T., Lee, D., Block, C. E. M. D., Dirinck, E. L., Pottelbergh, I. V., Wierckx, K., Laenen, A., Bogaerts, A., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf275
Zhang, Z., Tu, Z., Chen, S., Wang, G., Xia, P., Xie, J., Li, J., Yu, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2025.105734 · Cited by 1
Magdy, N., Mansour, A. B., Mohamed, H. R. H., & Ali, A. A.-M. (2025) · The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology · doi:10.1186/s41936-025-00486-x
Metadata
- Authors
- Nolan, C. J., Damm, P., & Prentki, M.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Nolan, Christopher J
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 378
- Issue
- 9786
- Pages
- 169-181
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2156472431
- Cited by
- 923
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 13.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, pathophysiology, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, adipose tissue dysfunction, metabolic stress, epigenetics, fetal programming, neonatal programming, genetic susceptibility, diabetes prevention, diabetes management, overnutrition, maternal health, early childhood health
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Glucagon, Homeostasis, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Liver, Myocardium, Obesity, Prediabetic State, Pregnancy, Diabetes, Gestational, Muscle, Skeletal, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Epigenesis, Genetic, Fetal Development, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Incretins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
