Cited by 347Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesEmployment and Welfare StudiesMental Health Treatment and Access

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Increase in state suicide rates in the USA during economic recession

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Reeves, Aaron, Stuckler, David, McKee, Martin, Gunnell, David, Chang, Shu-Sen, Basu, Sanjay·2012·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61910-2

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The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis
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The mental health risks of economic crisis in Spain: evidence from primary care centres, 2006 and 2010
Gili, M., Roca, M., Basu, S., McKee, M., & Stückler, D. (2012) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks035 · Cited by 592
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Suicide: A 15‐Year Review of the Sociological Literature Part I: Cultural and Economic Factors
Stack, S. (2000) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2000.tb01073.x · Cited by 503
Effects of the 2008 recession on health: a first look at European data
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Suicides associated with the 2008-10 economic recession in England: time trend analysis
Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson, D., Scott-Samuel, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5142 · Cited by 452
Self-citation
Major depression in the Era of economic crisis: A replication of a cross-sectional study across Greece
Economou, M. P., Madianos, M. G., Peppou, L. Ε., Patelakis, A., & Stefanis, C. N. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.008 · Cited by 335
The Työhön Job Search Program in Finland: Benefits for the unemployed with risk of depression or discouragement.
Vuori, J., Silvonen, J., Vinokur, A. D., & Price, R. (2002) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//1076-8998.7.1.5 · Cited by 131
Excess suicides and attempted suicides in Italy attributable to the great recession
Vogli, R. D., Marmot, M. G., & Stückler, D. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201607 · Cited by 115
The Työhön Job Search Program in Finland: Benefits for the unemployed with risk of depression or discouragement.
Vuori, J., Silvonen, J., Vinokur, A. D., et al. (2002) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.5 · Cited by 96

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“, 2015) and over the next 3 years (2008–2010) an excess of 4750 suicides occurred in the USA, 1000 suicides in England, and 680 suicides in Spain (Lopez Bernal et al., 2013; Reeves et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Recession and risk of suicide in Denmark during the 2009 global financial crisis: an ecological register-based study
Konieczna, A., Jakobsen, S. G., Larsen, C. P., & Christiansen, E. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211013270 · Cited by 11
“leading to 4750 more deaths than expected [3].”
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Investigating the Persistence of Suicide in the United States: Evidence from the Quantile Unit Root Test
Chen, W., Chang, T., & Lin, Y.-H. (2016) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1492-1 · Cited by 10
“Because of a dramatic spike in suicides observed during the 2008–2010 economic crisis period (Chang et al. 2013; Barr et al. 2012; Reeves et al. 2012; De Vogli et al. 2012), many researchers examined the effect of some intervention policies on suicides.”
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When Does Education Matter? The Protective Effect of Education for Cohorts Graduating in Bad Times
Cutler, D., Huang, W., & Lleras‐Muney, A. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20156 · Cited by 10
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The Impact of Student Loan Debt and Student Loan Delinquency on Total, Sex‐, and Age‐specific Suicide Rates during the Great Recession
Jones, R. W. (2019) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12278 · Cited by 8
The association between attempted suicide and stock price movements: Evidence from Taiwan
Lin, C.-L., Liu, T., & Chen, C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.004 · Cited by 10
“…et al., 2015), season/climate (Lee et al., 2006; Bramness et al., 2015), ethnicity (Liu et al., 2011), disaster (Ohto et al., 2015), unemployment (Fountoulakis et al., 2013; Breuer, 2015), business cycles and economic recession (Luo et al., 2011; Reeves et al., 2012; Norstrom and Gronqvist, 2015).”
Background
Associations between Recession hardships and subjective and objective sleep measures in the midlife in the United States study: race and gender differences
Bhat, A. C., Diaz, J. A., Lee, S. A., Almeida, D. M., & Lee, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1403818 · Cited by 8
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Examining the Association between Racialized Economic Threat and White Suicide in the United States, 2000–2016
Rambotti, S. (2022) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211069873 · Cited by 9
“Analyses of the years immediately following the Great Recession support the harmful effects of unemployment (Phillips and Nugent 2014; Reeves et al. 2012), but several recent studies find only partial or moderating effects or no effect at all (Dow et al. 2020; Gertner, Rotter, and Shafer 2019;…”
Background
A Long‐term Study of the Association between the Relative Poverty Rate and Suicide Rate in Japan
Inoue, K., Fujita, Y., Takeshita, H., Abe, S., Fujihara, J., Ezoe, S., Sampei, M., Miyaoka, T., Horiguchi, J., Okazaki, Y., et al. (2015) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12998 · Cited by 9
“(11) reported that an increase in the suicide rate in the USA was a result of an economic recession.”
Background
Évolution des comportements et indicateurs de santé mentale entre 2006 et 2010 dans la population au travail en France
Malard, L., Chastang, J., & Niedhammer, I. (2017) · Revue d Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique · doi:10.1016/j.respe.2017.04.056 · Cited by 9
Increased risk for mental disorders and suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic: the position statement of the Section on Suicidology and Suicide Prevention of the European Psychiatric Association.
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“Unemployment is consistently reported as a strong risk factor for suicide (Matsubayashi et al., 2020; Reeves et al., 2012; Stuckler et al., 2009).”
Background
Economic Recession and Mental Health: An Analysis
Shrivastava, A., Lodha, P., Sousa, A. D., & Singh, N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70554-5_39 · Cited by 8
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Patel, D., Sumner, S. A., Bowen, D. A., Zwald, M. L., Yard, E. E., Wang, J., Law, R., Holland, K. M., Nguyen, T., Mower, G. D., et al. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00045-8 · Cited by 7
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“Moreover, ﬁ - nancial and economic dif ﬁ culties and crises are among the main determinants of suicide (Baeza et al., 2022; CDC, 2022; Pridmore & Reddy, 2012; Reeves et al., 2012; Webb & Kapur, 2015).”
“Deaths of despair” over the business cycle: New estimates from a shift-share instrumental variables approach
Lowenstein, C. (2024) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101374 · Cited by 8
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Mumba, M. N., Davis, L. L., Smith, N. L., Evans, T., & Castillo, R. (2022) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.1097/jan.0000000000000480 · Cited by 7
“Employment has several benefits, including reductions in preoccupation with symptoms, social isolation, risk of suicide, hopelessness, and economic instability, which if not addressed often result in homelessness (Reeves et al., 2012).”
Background
Changes in suicide in California from 2017 to 2021: a population-based study
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“Despite the often observed link between economic crises and suicide [3, 36], our results did not show a significant change in suicide rates immediately following the moratorium, though there appeared to be a slight non-significant increase in the observed rates and number of deaths.”
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Pandemics and Suicide Risk
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“Study of suicide conducted in the aftermath of the great recession, observed that a 1% increase in the unemployment rate translated into a nearly 1% increase in the suicide rate in the US.(7) Between 2007 and 2010, the authors estimated that the recession produced an extra 4750 excess suicide deaths.”
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Suicidal behavior during economic hard times
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“During that same recession, unemployment in the United States jumped from 5.8% to 9.6% and the suicide rate increased by 3.8% (Reeves et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
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Salvatore, T., Brown, J., Huntley, D., Kivisalu, T. M., Arndt, C., & Wiley, C. R. (2016) · Cited by 6
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“Excesses of 680 suicides in Spain, 1,000 suicides in England and 4,750 suicides in the US have also been found in studies assessing the impact of economic recessions on suicide over the years 2008–10 (Lopez Bernal et al. 2013; Reeves et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
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Background
Economic recession and mental health distress among Japanese people in middle age
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“Following the great recession of 2008, some studies reported that long-term (> 52 weeks) unemployment was significantly correlated with large negative effects on mental health [19]; that there were estimated 4,750 excess suicide deaths in the USA after the recession over the 3 years following it [20]; and that a 10% i…”
Background
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Akyüz, M. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228241287816 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, contemporary research underscores a consistent pattern wherein suicide mortality exhibits an upward trajectory during economic contractions (Miller et al., 2009; Reeves et al., 2012; Ruhm, 2000; Stuckler et al., 2009).”
Suicide Rate and Factors Analysis: Pre and Post COVID Pandemic Data Analysis
Antonova, H., Pamidimukkala, E. C. S., Liao, S., & Ceesay, E. N. (2022) · IEEE International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS) · doi:10.1109/iemtronics55184.2022.9795714 · Cited by 5
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“The 1997–1998 crisis, the Great Recession (2007–2009) and the Euro crisis (2010–2013) have shown that suicide rates are sensitive to macro-economic shocks, and particularly to unemployment (Barr et al., 2015; Branas et al., 2015; Chang et al., 2009; Economou et al., 2013; Gili et al., 2012; Reeves et al., 2012, 2014;…”
Background
A saúde mental e a crise económica
Silva, M., Cardoso, G., Saraceno, B., & Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M. (2015) · Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra eBooks · doi:10.14195/978-989-26-1105-1_5 · Cited by 6
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“Our paper is also related to a small but growing literature on how economic and social circumstances affect suicides (Becker and Posner, 2004; Becker and Woessmann, 2015; Campanello et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2012; Cutler et al., 2001; Daly et al., 2011, 2013; Hamermesh and Soss, 1974; Ludwig et al., 2009; Reeves et a…”
Background
Invited Commentary: The Association Between Florida’s Opioid Crackdown and Opioid-Related Mortality—The Roles of Economic Factors and Mortality Misclassification
Vandoros, S. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa016 · Cited by 4
Do Labor Market Institutions Influence Suicide Mortality? An International Panel Data AnalysisPreprint
Breuer, C., & Rottmann, H. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
Association between a large change between the minimum and maximum monthly values of solar insolation and a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder
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“…previous research finding an increase in suicidal ideation among unemployed and economically vulnerable people (Barr et al., 2012; Cano-Montalbán & Quevedo-Blasco, 2018; Crosby et al., 2011; Fairweather et al., 2006; Miret et al., 2014; Olfson et al., 1996; Reeves et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2015).”
Effect of Economic Crises on Suicide Rates
Miret, M., & López-García, P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26282-6_15 · Cited by 5
The Great Recession, Health, and Health Inequalities in Adolescents in North America, Europe, and Israel
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Climate rather than economic variables might have caused increase in US homicide but not suicide rates during the Great Depression
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“These fears had detrimental effects on mental health and contributed to increased suicide and substance use (Dasgupta et al., 2018; Galea et al., 2020; Holmes et al., 2020; Reeves et al., 2012).”
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Almeida, M. T. C., Costa, D. D., de Carvalho, L. A., de Carvalho, M. A., Oliveira, C. P. D. F., Neves, J., Leite, A. C., Nicolau, L. C. D. S., Costa, N., Lopes, G., et al. (2023) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/23psd240107 · Cited by 3
National Trends in Suicides and Male Twin Live Births in the US, 2003 to 2019: An Updated Test of Collective Optimism and Selection in Utero
Singh, P., Gailey, S., Das, A., & Bruckner, T. A. (2023) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2023.49 · Cited by 3
“…correspond with heightened selection in utero (Bruckner et al., 2010; Catalano et al., 2010; Gemmill et al., 2021) and contemporaneously increase the incidence of suicide (Reeves et al., 2012), we contend that such factors would also manifest as increased collective despair or diminished optimism.”
State-level suicide mortality insights: a comparative study of VHA veterans and the whole US population
Lebakula, V., Cunningham, A., Cosby, A. G., Kapadia, A., Trafton, J. A., & Peluso, A. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaf036 · Cited by 3
Macroeconomic equilibriums, crises and fiscal policy
Andersson, F. (2022) · Global Discourse · doi:10.1332/204378921x16330096286109 · Cited by 3
“The costs are not only economic: health outcomes deteriorate (Reeves et al, 2012; Economou et al, 2013), and there is an increase in political populism and extremism (Funke et al, 2016; Eichengreen, 2018).”
Conducta suicida y crisis económica
Sánchez, S. M., Jorge, P. G., García, S., Barreiro, L. P., Fernández, L. M., Ceverino, A., & Usaola, C. P. (2014) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 3
Chapter 6. The Social Determinants of Mental Health
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The long-run analysis of the association between macroeconomic variables and suicide: the case of Turkic-speaking countries in Central Asia
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Exploring the psychological impacts of air contamination: A cross-national study
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THE LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES OF RISK ASSESSMENT: LESSONS FROM SUICIDE PREVENTION
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Authors: Reeves, A., Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Gunnell, D., Chang, S.-S., & Basu, S.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
University of Bristol (GB)
Corresponding author: Reeves, Aaron
ORCID: Reeves, Aaron
McKee, Martin
Gunnell, David
Chang, Shu-Sen
Basu, Sanjay
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-11
Volume: 380
Issue: 9856
Pages: 1813-1814
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61910-2
OpenAlex: W1969568002
Cited by: 347
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 34.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0610-10026)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: suicide rates, economic recession, mental health, excess mortality, United States
MeSH terms: Humans, Suicide, Unemployment, United States, Economic Recession

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