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Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Background Exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has neuroprotective effects in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease. We investigated whether these effects would be apparent in a clinical trial.Methods In this single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with moderate Parkinson's disease were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive subcutaneous injections of exenatide 2 mg or placebo once weekly for 48 weeks in addition to their regular medication, followed by a 12-week washout period. Eligible patients were aged 25-75 years, had idiopathic Parkinson's disease as measured by Queen Square Brain Bank criteria, were on dopaminergic treatment with wearing-off effects, and were at Hoehn and Yahr stage 2·5 or less when on treatment. Randomisation was by web-based randomisation with a two strata block design according to disease severity. Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was the adjusted difference in the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) motor subscale (part 3) in the practically defined off-medication state at 60 weeks. All efficacy analyses were based on a modified intention-to-treat principle, which included all patients who completed any post-randomisation follow-up assessments. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01971242) and is completed.Findings Between June 18, 2014, and March 13, 2015, 62 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned, 32 to exenatide and 30 to placebo. Our primary analysis included 31 patients in the exenatide group and 29 patients in the placebo group. At 60 weeks, off-medication scores on part 3 of the MDS-UPDRS had improved by 1·0 points (95% CI -2·6 to 0·7) in the exenatide group and worsened by 2·1 points (-0·6 to 4·8) in the placebo group, an adjusted mean difference of -3·5 points (-6·7 to -0·3; p=0·0318). Injection site reactions and gastrointestinal symptoms were common adverse events in both groups. Six serious adverse events occurred in the exenatide group and two in the placebo group, although none in either group were judged to be related to the study interventions.Interpretation Exenatide had positive effects on practically defined off-medication motor scores in Parkinson's disease, which were sustained beyond the period of exposure. Whether exenatide affects the underlying disease pathophysiology or simply induces long-lasting symptomatic effects is uncertain. Exenatide represents a major new avenue for investigation in Parkinson's disease, and effects on everyday symptoms should be examined in longer-term trials.Funding Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research.
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“Three clinical trials consistently describe a slowed decline in motor function when using the short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists exenatide and lixisenatide in people with Parkinson's disease; 102-104”
From GLP-1 receptor agonists and next-generation incretin-based medications: metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal benefits (2026) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Treatment with exenatide or lixisenatide for 1 year produced a modest but positive effect on Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part III scores in people with recently diagnosed Parkinson’s disease (15, 53).”
From Antiinflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide-1–based therapies beyond metabolic benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
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“This discrepancy may reflect differences in the neuroprotective mechanisms of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs earlier GLP-1RAs, such as exenatide, liraglutide, and lixisenatide, which have demonstrated favorable clinical benefits in early-stage Parkinson disease.33,50”
From Neurodegeneration and Stroke After Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Patients With Diabetes and Obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
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“In Parkinson's disease, phase II trials have shown that GLP-1 RAs such as exenatide and lixisenatide improve motor activity compared to placebo,53,54 and liraglutide has shown improvements in non-motor symptoms, mobility, and quality of life.55”
From The expanding role of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a narrative review of current evidence and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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“There is increasing evidence from animal studies and clinical trials to suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists could be beneficial in the treatment of PD, and one study using a prebiotic supplement that enhanced SCFA levels showed an increase GLP-1 levels in mouse models [141–144].”
From The gut–brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [142]
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“Multiple GLP-1 medicines, including exenatide (15), liraglutide (16), semaglutide (17, 18), and tirzepatide (19), reduce plasma CRP levels in people living with T2D and/or obesity.”
From Antiinflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide-1–based therapies beyond metabolic benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Moreover, GLP-1 receptors interact with various neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, which are essential for mood regulation and may contribute to the onset of depression and other psychological disorders [82].”
From Exploring the Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: To Ensure Its Optimal Positioning (2025) · cites this paper as [82]
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“There is increasing evidence from animal studies and clinical trials to suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists could be beneficial in the treatment of PD, and one study using a prebiotic supplement that enhanced SCFA levels showed an increase GLP-1 levels in mouse models [141–144].”
From The gut–brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [142]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“exenatide, administered at the dose approved for type 2 diabetes treatment, crosses the BBB in appreciable quantities and improves the motor and cognitive function of PD patients.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [616]
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“This study provides in vivo evidence that “beta-cell rest” can at least temporarily allow insulin secretory capacity recovery, and in vitro studies examining the effect of diazoxide on diabetic human islets produced similar findings.177”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [176]
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BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAntidiabetic drugs in Parkinson’s disease
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“57 Preliminary studies 58,59 on exenatide and lixisenatide, both GLP-1 receptor agonists, showed potential but modest ben-e fi ts in motor symptoms throughout 12 months in PD patients.”
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InfluentialPre-clinical Aspects and Contemporary Treatments of Parkinson’s Disease
Chhabra, P., Rishabh, R., Singla, S., Choudhary, S., Kohli, S., Bansal, N., & Bansal, S. (2023) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273258646230920074421 · Cited by 10
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“…of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, exerted a positive effect on practically defined off-medication motor scores in a clinical trial for PD patients, although the effect of exenatide on pathophysiology and long-lasting symptomatic improvement remains unclear (Athauda et al., 2017; 2019).”
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Exenatide Once Weekly in the Treatment of Patients with Multiple System Atrophy
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Glucagon-like peptide-1 medicines in neurological and psychiatric disorders
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“A standard deviation of 14, a correlation of 0.7 between the outcome and baseline and 20% attrition percentage was assumed based on previous studies and data from the Exenatide-PD trial [33].”
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“Early-phase trials in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease suggest possible neuro-protective effects, 26–29 and emerging studies indicate potential applications for eating-related disorders, 30 substance-use disorders, 31–33 and immune-mediated diseases such as psoriasis or hidradenitis suppurativa.”
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“Very recently, type II diabetes drug exenatide has shown promise in a clinical trial for the treatment of PD though further investigations are needed to examine its role in mechanistically altering disease status versus amelioration of symptoms [173].”
BackgroundInsulin Sensitivity in De Novo Parkinson's Disease: A Hyperinsulinemic‐Euglycemic Clamp Study
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“Our results therefore also suggest that the putative neuroprotective action of antidiabetic drugs, including exenatide, may originate from their effect at the neuronal level rather than on systemic metabolism.(1) However, given the increased risk of developing PD and a more aggressive course of PD in those with DM, it…”
BackgroundResultHistamine-4 Receptor: Emerging Target for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases
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Glucagon Like Peptide-1 receptor imaging in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
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“GLP1 efficacy studies sometimes delineate subgroups of nonresponding individuals—both in studies targeting populations with diabetes (27) and in studies targeting populations with neurologic disease (28).”
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“Convincing preclinical data [22,24,25] led to a randomised controlled trial of the first GLP-1R agonist to be used in the treatment of diabetes, exendin-4 which showed a mild but significant beneficial effect on the motor scores of people with PD [26].”
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BackgroundSelf-citationThe effects of incretin hormones on cerebral glucose metabolism in health and disease
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Acting Before; A Combined Strategy to Counteract the Onset and Progression of Dementia
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Treatment with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
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Kent, D. M., Leung, L. Y., Puttock, E. J., Wang, A. Y.-D., Luetmer, P. H., Kallmes, D. F., Nelson, J., Fu, S., Zheng, C., Vickery, E. M., et al. (2022) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26458 · Cited by 8
“Support from epidemiology and the investigation of overlapping mechanisms between T2D and PD mean that repurposed drugs used to treat T2D are among those considered most likely to yield disease-modifying opportunities for PD.(40) Higher BMI is a challenge to study, because BMI is known to change early in the clinical…”
Wang, P., Hill, T. A., Mitchell, J. M., Fitzsimmons, R. L., Xu, W., Loh, Z., Suen, J. Y., Lim, J., Iyer, A., & Fairlie, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00653 · Cited by 8
A Research Update on Exendin-4 as a Novel Molecule Against Parkinson’s Disease
Singh, N. K., Singh, A., Varshney, M., & Agrawal, R. (2023) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524023666230529093314 · Cited by 9
Mitral cells and the glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor: The sweet smell of success?
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“At present, exenatide is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but it has also been tested recently in postdromal PD patients in clinical trials (Athauda et al., 2017; Aviles- Olmos et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCreation of a gene expression classifier for predicting Parkinson’s disease rate of progression
Rabey, J., Yarden, J., Dotan, N., Mechlovich, D., Riederer, P., & Youdim, M. (2020) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-020-02194-y · Cited by 9
Advances in clinical neurorestorative treatments of Parkinson's disease
Yin, Y., Su, D., Lam, J. S. T., & Feng, T. (2025) · Journal of Neurorestoratology · doi:10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100204 · Cited by 8
Ma, H., Chang, Z., Sun, H., Ma, D., Li, Z., Li, H., Zhang, Z., Hölscher, C., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05037-7 · Cited by 7
“Other GLP-1 receptor agonists showed good protective effects in phase 2 clinical trials in parkinson's disease patients [43, 52, 53].”
Multiparametric quantitative MRI uncovers putamen microstructural changes in Parkinson’s disease
Drori, E., Cohen, L., Arkadir, D., Yahalom, G., & Mezer, A. (2025) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-025-01020-0 · Cited by 11
“Key qMRI parameters include R1 (longitudinal relaxation rate), R2 (transverse relaxation rate), and R2 * (effective transverse relaxation rate), which are sensitive to tissue macromolecular composition and iron content 23,25,26 .”
DPP-4 inhibitor alleviates gut-brain axis pathology in Parkinson’s disease
Jeong, S. H., Kim, Y. J., Shin, J. Y., Oh, K. W., Lee, J. W., & Lee, P. H. (2025) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2025-334988 · Cited by 7
Joy, B., Ramsamooj, A., Ibrahim, S., Wen, J., Hsu, N., & Frezza, E. (2026) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-025-04494-3 · Cited by 10
Figura, M., Milanowski, Ł., Nowak, J. M., Antoniak, A., Kopczyński, M., Zając, W., Sadowski, K., Hołubiuk, Ł., Walęcik-Kot, W., Szlufik, S., et al. (2026) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.78153 · Cited by 9
Glucagon‐like Peptides (GLP‐1) Perspectives in Synucleinopathies Treatment
Foltynie, T., & Athauda, D. S. (2018) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.12611 · Cited by 7
“5-point advantage in the severity of their PD compared with those treated on placebo.(8) These results, while extremely encouraging, still have to be interpreted with caution.”
ResultSelf-citationFire prevention in the Parkinson’s disease brain
Brundin, L., Bergkvist, L., & Brundin, P. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0109-4 · Cited by 7
Connecting Alzheimer’s Disease With Diabetes Mellitus Through Amyloidogenic Evolvability
Ho, G. J., Takamatsu, Y., Wada, R., Sugama, S., Waragai, M., Takenouchi, T., Masliah, E., & Hashimoto, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.576192 · Cited by 7
Ion transporter cascade, reactive astrogliosis and cerebrovascular diseases
Rahman, M. S., Islam, R., & Bhuiyan, M. I. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1374408 · Cited by 8
Therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease: promising agents in early clinical development
Fabbri, M., Perez‐Lloret, S., & Rascol, O. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2020.1814252 · Cited by 7
GLP1 agonists beyond glycemic control—redefining their role
Chowdhury, S., & Goswami, S. (2020) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-020-00879-4 · Cited by 7
“In a human trial with patients having moderate PD, exenatide had a positive and sustained effect on clinically assessed motor function [16].”
BackgroundYuluğ, B., Altay, Ö., Li, X., Hanoğlu, L., Çankaya, Ş., Lam, S. C. C., Yang, H., Coşkun, E., İdil, E., Nogaylar, R., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.21261293 · Cited by 7
Athauda, D. S., Evans, J. R., Mahoney‐Sanchez, L., Virdi, G. S., Lopez-Garcia, P., Wernick, A. I., Wagen, A. Z., D’Sa, K., Lachica, J., Strohbuecker, S., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582460 · Cited by 7
Self-citationDumitru, C. N., Dumitru, A. O., Popa, G. V., Marcu, T., Ursu, M., Nechita, A., & Matei, N. M. (2026) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj14050289 · Cited by 6
“Gingipain Inhibitors COR388 (atuzaginstat), developed by Cortexyme, represented the first small-molecule gingipain inhibitor to advance to Phase II/III clinical trials for AD [32,134].”
InfluentialPhysiology and pharmacology of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
Куркин, Д. В., Bakulin, D. A., Morkovin, E. I., Petrov, V. I., Strygin, A. V., Koryanova, K. N., Gorbunova, Y. V., Kolosov, Y. A., Ivanova, O. V., Pavlova, E. V., et al. (2024) · Pharmacy & Pharmacology · doi:10.19163/2307-9266-2023-11-4-347-380 · Cited by 9
Poupon-Bejuit, L., Geard, A. F., Millicheap, N., Rocha‐Ferreira, E., Hagberg, H., Thornton, C., & Rahim, A. A. (2024) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s44321-024-00079-1 · Cited by 8
“A clinical trial in Parkinson ’ s disease patients using systemic administrations of the GLP1-R agonist exendin-4 in an extended release formulation has demonstrated clinical ef fi cacy (Athauda et al, 2017).”
Targeting Ferroptosis in Parkinson’s: Repurposing Diabetes Drugs as a Promising Treatment
Duţă, C., Muscurel, C., Dogaru, C. B., & Stoian, I. A.-M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26041516 · Cited by 7
“In a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Athauda et al. administered Exenatide to 62 patients with moderate Parkinson’s disease over a period of 48 weeks [118].”
Parkinson’s disease and brain insulin signaling: Mechanisms and potential role of GLP-1 mimetics
Foroozanmehr, B., Hemmati, M. A., Yaribeygi, H., Karav, S., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149738 · Cited by 6
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists for the prevention and treatment of Parkinson’s disease
Lee, S. M. L., Yin, L., Xiao, N., Rhee, T. G., Lo, H. K. Y., Wong, S., Fox, S. H., Teopiz, K. M., Lam, B. Y., Zheng, Y. J., et al. (2025) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s109285292510031x · Cited by 6
Badran, A., & Gbreel, M. I. (2025) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-025-08411-4 · Cited by 6
“For instance, while the Athauda et al. (2017) trial [ 23] reported a significant 3.5-point advantage in MDS-UPDRS Part III OFF-medication scores for exenatide, our pooled OFF-state analysis did not replicate such a robust overall effect.”
InfluentialTian, R., Liu, K., Lai, H., Liao, C., Li, J., & Tu, H. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115443 · Cited by 6
Sources of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson’s Disease: Pathways and Therapeutic Implications
Yordanov, Y., Stefanova, D., Kondeva-Burdina, M., & Tzankova, V. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15020187 · Cited by 6
“Clinical Trial, Phase II, EXENATIDE-PD ( NCT01971242), sustained motor benefit off-drug [158].”
Improving fMRI in Parkinson’s disease by accounting for brain region-specific activity patterns
Torrecuso, R., Mueller, K., Holiga, Š., Sieger, T., Vymazal, J., Růžička, F., Roth, J., Růžička, E., Schroeter, M. L., Jech, R., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103396 · Cited by 6
Wang, R., Jin, Z., Zhen, Q., Lin, Q., Liu, C., Wang, P., Liu, Y., Fang, J., Liu, Y., Su, Y., et al. (2023) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-023-07273-y · Cited by 6
“A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trail demonstrated that exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 drug for T2DM treatment, had a positive effect on PD progression [12].”
De, S., Banerjee, S., Rakshit, P., Banerjee, S., & Kumar, S. K. A. (2024) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115733998291968240429111357 · Cited by 6
Are glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists anti-consummatory drugs?
Mansur, R. B., Vincenzo, J. D. D., Badulescu, S., Gill, H., Tabassum, A., Llach, C.-D., Rosenblat, J. D., & McIntyre, R. S. (2024) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s109285292400244x · Cited by 7
“…neuro-imaging (e.g. positron emission tomography); Jensen et al. (2020) 50 following the acute administration of exenatide in healthy volunteers and Athauda et al. (2017) 51 following 48 weeks of exenatide treatment in patients with Parkinson ’ s disease, despite improvement in motor symptoms.”
Present and future of disease-modifying therapies in multiple system atrophy
Cuina, M. L., Foubert‐Samier, A., Tison, F., & Meissner, W. G. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2017.12.008 · Cited by 6
Disease modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease: Novel targets
Vijiaratnam, N., & Foltynie, T. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108839 · Cited by 6
“( Athauda et al., 2017) The trial included an assessment of target engagement using extracellular vesicle biomarker analysis which confirmed changes in the insulin signalling pathway in association with exenatide exposure.”
MethodSelf-citationNielsen, T. A., Šega, R., Andersen, C. U., Vorum, H., Drewes, A. M., Jakobsen, P. E., Brock, B., & Brock, C. (2021) · Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/jop.2021.0055 · Cited by 5
“31,32 11–13 In humans, GLP-1 agonists have shown promising nerve regenerative results in clinical trials as treatments for Alz-heimer 33 and Parkinson 34 disease.”
Pezzoli, G., Cereda, E., Calandrella, D., Barichella, M., Bonvegna, S., & Isaias, I. U. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.018 · Cited by 6
Sobral, M. V. S., Soares, V. G., Moreira, J. L. D. M. L., Rodrigues, L. K., Rocha, P., Bendaham, L. C. A. R., Gonçalves, O. R., Pirolla, R. D. C., Vilela, L. V., de Abreu, V. S., et al. (2024) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107210 · Cited by 6
Help cure Parkinson’s disease: please don’t waste the Golden Year
Hauser, R. A. (2018) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-018-0065-1 · Cited by 6
Qi, J., Wang, Z.-J., Yang, G., Gao, Q.-C., Li, W.-R., Cai, H.-Y., Zhao, H., Wang, J.-J., Zhao, X., Wang, J.-X., et al. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.335168 · Cited by 6
“Many studies have reported that GLP-1 and its analogues can improve various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD and Parkinson’s disease (Athauda and Foltynie, 2016; Athauda et al., 2017; Grieco et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLewis, P. A., & Spillane, J. E. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811069-0.00003-3 · Cited by 6
Insulin signalling: new target for Parkinson's treatments?
Poewe, W. H., & Seppi, K. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32101-3 · Cited by 6
Insulin resistance, diabetes and Parkinson's disease: The match continues
Delamarre, A., Rigalleau, V., & Meissner, W. G. (2020) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.013 · Cited by 6
Peelaerts, W., Bergkvist, L., George, S., Johnson, M., Meyerdirk, L. K., Ku, E., Steiner, J. A., Madaj, Z., Ma, J., Becker, K., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322115 · Cited by 9
Functional and multi-omic aging rejuvenation with GLP-1R agonismPreprint
Huang, J., Kwok, A. J., Li, J. C. Y., Chiu, C. L. H., Ip, B. Y. M., Tung, L. Y., Zheng, X., Chow, H. T., Lo, M. P. S., Li, Z., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592653 · Cited by 6
Mohammed, O., & Kelemu, T. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71065 · Cited by 5
Elezz, A. M. A., khalefa, K. A., Gadelmawla, A. F., Khattab, Y. A., & Zeid, M. A. (2025) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01873-0 · Cited by 6
Tsai, W.-W., Lu, K.-H., Wu, J., Chuang, M., Chen, J., Lai, C.-C., Hung, K. C., & Hsieh, M. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864251372747 · Cited by 8
“Similarly, Athauda et al. 12 reported a higher rate of SAEs in the exenatide group (6 participants, 19.4”
InfluentialGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
Ibrahim, R., Kambal, A., & Abdelmajeed, M. A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.92441 · Cited by 5
“While initial trials of exenatide suggested the possibility of disease modification with longer-term improvements in motor function [52], the larger, later phase 3 EXENATIDE-PD3 trial showed no sizable improvement for the exenatide cohort [53].”
Drug discovery and development for Parkinson’s disease: are preclinical models good enough?
Reinares-Sebastián, A., Esteban-García, N., Takada, M., & Trigo‐Damas, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1692592 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Athauda, D., Maclagan, K., Skene, S. S., Bajwa-Joseph, M., Letchford, D., Chowdhury, K., Hibbert, S., Budnik, N., Zampedri, L., Dickson, J., Li, Y., Aviles-Olmos, I., Warner, T. T., Limousin, P., Lees, A. J., Greig, N. H., Tebbs, S., & Foltynie, T.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Corresponding author
- Foltynie, Thomas
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 390
- Issue
- 10103
- Pages
- 1664-1675
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC5831666
- OpenAlex
- W2744843428
- Cited by
- 889
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 20
- FWCI
- 51.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 AG999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, exenatide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, neuroprotection, motor symptoms, off-medication state, dopaminergic therapy, neurodegeneration, adverse events, injection site reactions, gastrointestinal symptoms, drug repurposing, disease-modifying therapy
- MeSH terms
- Exenatide, Adult, Aged, Double-Blind Method, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurologic Examination, Parkinson Disease, Peptides, Venoms, Treatment Outcome
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