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Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Background Exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has neuroprotective effects in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease. We investigated whether these effects would be apparent in a clinical trial.Methods In this single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with moderate Parkinson's disease were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive subcutaneous injections of exenatide 2 mg or placebo once weekly for 48 weeks in addition to their regular medication, followed by a 12-week washout period. Eligible patients were aged 25-75 years, had idiopathic Parkinson's disease as measured by Queen Square Brain Bank criteria, were on dopaminergic treatment with wearing-off effects, and were at Hoehn and Yahr stage 2·5 or less when on treatment. Randomisation was by web-based randomisation with a two strata block design according to disease severity. Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was the adjusted difference in the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) motor subscale (part 3) in the practically defined off-medication state at 60 weeks. All efficacy analyses were based on a modified intention-to-treat principle, which included all patients who completed any post-randomisation follow-up assessments. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01971242) and is completed.Findings Between June 18, 2014, and March 13, 2015, 62 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned, 32 to exenatide and 30 to placebo. Our primary analysis included 31 patients in the exenatide group and 29 patients in the placebo group. At 60 weeks, off-medication scores on part 3 of the MDS-UPDRS had improved by 1·0 points (95% CI -2·6 to 0·7) in the exenatide group and worsened by 2·1 points (-0·6 to 4·8) in the placebo group, an adjusted mean difference of -3·5 points (-6·7 to -0·3; p=0·0318). Injection site reactions and gastrointestinal symptoms were common adverse events in both groups. Six serious adverse events occurred in the exenatide group and two in the placebo group, although none in either group were judged to be related to the study interventions.Interpretation Exenatide had positive effects on practically defined off-medication motor scores in Parkinson's disease, which were sustained beyond the period of exposure. Whether exenatide affects the underlying disease pathophysiology or simply induces long-lasting symptomatic effects is uncertain. Exenatide represents a major new avenue for investigation in Parkinson's disease, and effects on everyday symptoms should be examined in longer-term trials.Funding Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research.
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“Three clinical trials consistently describe a slowed decline in motor function when using the short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists exenatide and lixisenatide in people with Parkinson's disease; 102-104”
From GLP-1 receptor agonists and next-generation incretin-based medications: metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal benefits (2026) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Treatment with exenatide or lixisenatide for 1 year produced a modest but positive effect on Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part III scores in people with recently diagnosed Parkinson’s disease (15, 53).”
From Antiinflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide-1–based therapies beyond metabolic benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
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“This discrepancy may reflect differences in the neuroprotective mechanisms of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs earlier GLP-1RAs, such as exenatide, liraglutide, and lixisenatide, which have demonstrated favorable clinical benefits in early-stage Parkinson disease.33,50”
From Neurodegeneration and Stroke After Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Patients With Diabetes and Obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
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“In Parkinson's disease, phase II trials have shown that GLP-1 RAs such as exenatide and lixisenatide improve motor activity compared to placebo,53,54 and liraglutide has shown improvements in non-motor symptoms, mobility, and quality of life.55”
From The expanding role of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a narrative review of current evidence and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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“There is increasing evidence from animal studies and clinical trials to suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists could be beneficial in the treatment of PD, and one study using a prebiotic supplement that enhanced SCFA levels showed an increase GLP-1 levels in mouse models [141–144].”
From The gut–brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [142]
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“Multiple GLP-1 medicines, including exenatide (15), liraglutide (16), semaglutide (17, 18), and tirzepatide (19), reduce plasma CRP levels in people living with T2D and/or obesity.”
From Antiinflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide-1–based therapies beyond metabolic benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Moreover, GLP-1 receptors interact with various neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, which are essential for mood regulation and may contribute to the onset of depression and other psychological disorders [82].”
From Exploring the Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: To Ensure Its Optimal Positioning (2025) · cites this paper as [82]
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“There is increasing evidence from animal studies and clinical trials to suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists could be beneficial in the treatment of PD, and one study using a prebiotic supplement that enhanced SCFA levels showed an increase GLP-1 levels in mouse models [141–144].”
From The gut–brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [142]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“exenatide, administered at the dose approved for type 2 diabetes treatment, crosses the BBB in appreciable quantities and improves the motor and cognitive function of PD patients.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [616]
In the citing paper
“This study provides in vivo evidence that “beta-cell rest” can at least temporarily allow insulin secretory capacity recovery, and in vitro studies examining the effect of diazoxide on diabetic human islets produced similar findings.177”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [176]
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“Exendin-4 (exenatide), a GLP-1 receptor agonist, has been shown to improve motor symptoms in PD clinical trials (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2013; Athauda et al., 2017).”
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“Patients and Study Design TheExenatide-PD trial (a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, single center, 60-week trial of exenatide once weekly for the treatment of moderate-severity PD(43)) (NCT01971242)wasperformed fromJune 18, 2014, to June 16, 2016, to assess the effects of exenatide ondiseaseprogression for…”
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“Importantly, GLP-1 mimetics can cross the BBB (Athauda et al., 2017; Christensen et al., 2015; Hunter and Holscher, 2012; Kastin and Akerstrom, 2003; Kastin et al., 2002; McClean et al., 2011b).”
BackgroundInfluentialKia, D. A., Zhang, D., Guelfi, S., Manzoni, C., Hubbard, L., Reynolds, R. H., Botía, J. A., Ryten, M., Ferrari, R., Lewis, P. A., et al. (2021) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.5257 · Cited by 206
“This finding issupportedbyrecentwork indicating an association between bodymass index and PD, and a randomized clinical trial of exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, as adisease-modifyingagent forPD.(30,31) Furthermore, a role forCD38 in regulatingneuroinflammation, especially in glial cells, has bee…”
ResultSelf-citationSalameh, T. S., Rhea, E. M., Talbot, K., & Banks, W. A. (2020) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114187 · Cited by 188
“The single IRAs thus far demonstrating the greatest promise as AD and/or PD therapeutics are the FDA approved GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) exendin-4 (Byetta®) [42, 43, 56-58, 65-67, 84], liraglutide (Victoza®) [36-41, 43, 48-50, 53, 85], lixisenatide (Adlyxin® in the U.”
BackgroundThe Antidepressant Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Chen, X., Zhao, P., Wang, W., Guo, L., & Pan, Q. (2024) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.08.010 · Cited by 185
Sorrentino, Z. A., Giasson, B. I., & Chakrabarty, P. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-019-01977-2 · Cited by 179
“1 3 double-blind trial of the GLP1R agonist exenatide appeared to improve motor and cognitive function in PD patients [10, 11].”
Antidiabetic agents as a novel treatment for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
Nowell, J., Blunt, E., Gupta, D., & Edison, P. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.101979 · Cited by 179
“In two meta-analyses (Mulvaney et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020b) of GLP-1 receptor agonists, only the two previously discussed trials met the inclusion criteria (Athauda et al., 2017; Aviles-Olmos et al., 2013).”
Brain insulin resistance: role in neurodegenerative disease and potential for targeting
Hölscher, C. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2020.1738383 · Cited by 180
“Growth factors such as insulin, GLP-1 and GIP can cross the BBB and offer a promising treatment strategy [87, 91, 92, 197].”
BackgroundCopas, A. N. M., McComish, S. F., Fletcher, J. M., & Caldwell, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.666737 · Cited by 183
Timper, K., del Río-Martín, A., Cremer, A. L., Bremser, S., Alber, J., Giavalisco, P., Varela, L., Heilinger, C., Nolte, H., Trifunovic, A., et al. (2020) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.001 · Cited by 170
The multifaceted pyruvate metabolism: role of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier
Zangari, J., Petrelli, F., Maillot, B., & Martinou, J.-C. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10071068 · Cited by 172
Vijiaratnam, N., Girges, C., Auld, G., McComish, R., King, A., Skene, S. S., Hibbert, S., Wong, A., Melander, S., Gibson, R., et al. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02808-3 · Cited by 181
Self-citationRecent developments in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Stoker, T. B., & Barker, R. A. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.25634.1 · Cited by 174
A Pilot Study of Exenatide Actions in Alzheimer’s Disease
Mullins, R. J., Mustapić, M., Chia, C. W., Carlson, O. D., Gulyani, S., Tran, J., Li, Y., Mattson, M. P., Resnick, S. M., Egan, J. M., et al. (2019) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666190913155950 · Cited by 162
Self-citationTrapp, S., & Brierley, D. I. (2022) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15638 · Cited by 154
“…GLP-1 receptor agonists seem to have beneficial effects on other organs including the brain, with potential neuroprotective effects, even in Alzheimer's and in Parkinson's disease (Athauda et al., 2017; During et al., 2003; Foltynie & Athauda, 2020; Gault & Holscher, 2008; McClean et al., 2011).”
BackgroundZhang, L., Zhang, L., Li, L., & Hölscher, C. (2019) · Journal of Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-181503 · Cited by 173
“Importantly, a phase II clinical trial showed protective effects in PD patients even 3 months after treatment had been discontinued [24].”
Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Li, L., & Hölscher, C. (2018) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2018.07.003 · Cited by 151
McGarry, A., Rosanbalm, S., Leinonen, M., Olanow, C. W., To, D., Bell, A., Lee, D., Chang, J., Dubow, J., Dhall, R., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00378-2 · Cited by 153
Diet in Parkinson’s Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome
Jackson, A., Forsyth, C. B., Shaikh, M., Voigt, R. M., Engen, P. A., Ramirez, V., & Keshavarzian, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01245 · Cited by 145
Protective properties of GLP‐1 and associated peptide hormones in neurodegenerative disorders
Hölscher, C. (2021) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15508 · Cited by 149
“Unfortunately, there are few studies that measure levels of such drugs in the CSF in humans to estimate the BBB penetrations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialManagement of hypoglycemia in older adults with type 2 diabetes
Freeman, J. S. (2019) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2019.1578590 · Cited by 153
“Improvements in motor and cognitive assessments have been demonstrated in a clinical trial of exenatide in patients with Parkinson’s disease [70], and other trials assessing exenatide and liraglutide in both disease states are currently ongoing.”
BackgroundMoiz, A., Filion, K. B., Tsoukas, M. A., Yu, O. H. Y., Peters, T. M., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103363 · Cited by 157
“In Parkinson’s disease, phase II trials have shown that GLP-1 RAs such as exenatide and lixisenatide improve motor activity compared to placebo, 53,54 and liraglutide has shown improvements in non-motor symptoms, mobility, and quality of life.”
Parkinson’s Disease Drug Therapies in the Clinical Trial Pipeline: 2020
McFarthing, K., Buff, S., Rafaloff, G., Dominey, T., Wyse, R. K. H., & Stott, S. (2020) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-202128 · Cited by 138
Kim, D. S., Choi, H.-I., Wang, Y., Luo, Y., Hoffer, B. J., & Greig, N. H. (2017) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689717721234 · Cited by 136
“”(99) This suggests disease-modifying effects of exenatide, and the results are encouraging enough that a subsequent doubleblind clinical study (NCT01971242) was initiated by the same investigators using a sustained release formulation of exenatide (Bydureon: 2 mg administered subcutaneously once weekly) to evaluate i…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationHong, C.-T., Chen, K.-Y., Wang, W., Chiu, J.-Y., Wu, D., Chao, T.-Y., Hu, C.-J., Chau, K.-Y., & Bamodu, O. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9030740 · Cited by 133
“Furthermore, several anti-glycemic agents, including exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide analogue, have exerted a disease-modifying effect on PD; exenatide is presently in phase III clinical trial as a neuroprotective drug for patients with PD [18,19].”
BackgroundWong, C. K., Yusta, B., Koehler, J. A., Baggio, L. L., McLean, B. A., Matthews, D., Seeley, R. J., & Drucker, D. J. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.003 · Cited by 138
Incretin and insulin signaling as novel therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
Nowell, J., Blunt, E., & Edison, P. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01792-4 · Cited by 136
“Exenatide was also safe and well-tolerated, with no patients in the exenatide-treated group withdrawn due to excessive weight loss and weight loss reversed following drug cessation, within the latest trial [87].”
BackgroundInfluentialTargeting Mitochondrial Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Challenges and Opportunities
Prasuhn, J., Davis, R. L., & Kumar, K. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.615461 · Cited by 135
“Moreover, the drug exenatide has been shown to improve motor scores in PD and may have beneficial effects on mitochondrial biogenesis (Fan et al., 2010; Athauda et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTai, J., Liu, W., Li, Y., Li, L., & Hölscher, C. (2017) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.012 · Cited by 135
“In contrast, the placebo group deteriorated over time as would be expected in this disease (Athauda et al., 2017).”
Self-citationConnecting Alzheimer's disease to diabetes: Underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets
Vieira, M. N. N., Lima‐Filho, R. A. S., & Felice, F. G. D. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.014 · Cited by 133
“Clinical trials aimed at testing the efficacy of insulin and GLP-1 analogues in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and in mood disorders have shown some beneficial effects (Athauda et al., 2017; Claxton et al., 2015; Craft et al., 2012; Gejl et al., 2016; Mansur et al., 2017; Reger et al., 2008).”
The heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease
Wüllner, U., Borghammer, P., Choe, C., Csóti, I., Falkenburger, B. H., Gasser, T., Lingor, P., & Riederer, P. F. (2023) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02635-4 · Cited by 144
“Among approved GLP-1 agonists, exenatide has emerged as a promising disease-modifying drug in PD (Athauda et al. 2017).”
Emerging Treatment Approaches for Parkinson’s Disease
Stoker, T. B., Torsney, K., & Barker, R. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00693 · Cited by 135
GLP-1’s role in neuroprotection: a systematic review
Erbil, D., Eren, C. Y., Demirel, Ç., Küçüker, M. U., Solaroğlu, İ., & Eser, H. Y. (2019) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1587000 · Cited by 129
Zhao, L., Li, Z., Vong, J. S. L., Chen, X., Lai, H. M., Yan, L. Y. C., Huang, J., Sy, S. K. H., Tian, X. Y., Huang, Y., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18249-3 · Cited by 125
Parkinson’s disease determinants, prediction and gene–environment interactions in the UK Biobank
Jacobs, B. M., Belete, D., Bestwick, J. P., Blauwendraat, C., Bandrés‐Ciga, S., Heilbron, K., Dobson, R., Nalls, M. A., Singleton, A., Hardy, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323646 · Cited by 126
Self-citationInsulin Signaling Impairment in the Brain as a Risk Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease
Hölscher, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00088 · Cited by 122
“In a doubleblind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial in PD patients, the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 showed good protective effects compared to placebo, even after 3 months of wash-out of the drug (Athauda et al., 2017).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Links Between Cardiovascular Disease and Parkinson's Disease
Potashkin, J., Huang, X., Becker, C., Chen, H., Foltynie, T., & Marras, C. (2019) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27836 · Cited by 121
“In a 1-year phase II trial of 60 patients randomized to self-inject exenatide or placebo, PD patients using exenatide had smaller increase in theMovement Disorders Society Unified PD Rating Scale part 3 motor scores when assessed in the off medication state.(156) Despite the washout design of this trial (the primary o…”
MethodSelf-citationFeng, P., Zhang, X., Li, D., Ji, C., Yuan, Z., Wang, R., Xue, G., Li, G., & Hölscher, C. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.012 · Cited by 117
“CSF analysis confirmed that exendin-4 had crossed the BBB, and that there was no drug present after wash-out (Athauda et al., 2017).”
Emerging neuroprotective effect of metformin in Parkinson’s disease: A molecular crosstalk
Paudel, Y. N., Angelopoulou, E., Piperi, C., Shaikh, M. F., & Othman, I. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104593 · Cited by 115
Pharmacological Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Zahoor, I., Shafi, A., & Haq, E. (2018) · Codon Publications eBooks · doi:10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch7 · Cited by 120
“Thereafter, it was taken forward to a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical trial in which a weekly dosage of 2 mg was administered to patients subcutaneously (85).”
MethodRhee, S. Y., Han, K.-D., Kwon, H., Park, S.-E., Park, Y.-G., Kim, Y.-H., Yoo, S.-J., Rhee, E.-J., & Lee, W.-Y. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-0760 · Cited by 109
“Recently, a double-blind, randomized, controlled study on the effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists in PD subjects showed a positive effect in the intervention group (34).”
BackgroundThe Relevance of Insulin Action in the Dopaminergic System
Fiory, F., Perruolo, G., Cimmino, I., Cabaro, S., Pignalosa, F. C., Miele, C., Bèguinot, F., Formisano, P., & Oriente, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00868 · Cited by 118
The Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale in Parkinson’s disease: Validation and use
van Wamelen, D. J., Martínez‐Martín, P., Weintraub, D. A., Schrag, A. E., Antonini, A., Falup‐Pecurariu, C., Odin, P., Chaudhuri, К. R., & International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Parkinson's Disease Non‐Motor Study Group (2020) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.13336 · Cited by 114
Song, S., Guo, R., Mehmood, A., Zhang, L., Yin, B., Yuan, C., Zhang, H., Guo, L., & Li, B. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13791 · Cited by 115
Protective role of IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling activation in neurological dysfunctions
Bhalla, S., Mehan, S., Khan, A., & Rehman, M. U. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104896 · Cited by 108
Novel targeted therapies for Parkinson’s disease
Ntetsika, T., Papathoma, P.-E., & Markaki, I. (2021) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-021-00279-2 · Cited by 119
“In a phase 2 study of the GLP-1 RA exenatide for 12 months in 60 PD patients, the treatment showed efficacy in motor symptoms, and a good safety profile (Athauda et al. 2017).”
BackgroundRecent Advances in Drug Therapy for Parkinson's Disease
Murakami, H., Shiraishi, T., Umehara, T., Omoto, S., & Iguchi, Y. (2022) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8940-21 · Cited by 114
“A phase 2 study of exenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, showed efficacy for motor symptoms and a reduced rate of decline in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons using DAT imaging (40).”
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A New Treatment in Parkinson’s Disease
Kalinderi, K., Papaliagkas, V. T., & Fidani, L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073812 · Cited by 122
“Due to these positive results, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical study (NCT01971242) [69], was conducted by the same research team with subcutaneous administration of exendin-4, one injection/week for 48 weeks in 60 PD patients with moderate disease.”
BackgroundParkinson’s progression prediction using machine learning and serum cytokines
Rastegar, D. A., Ho, N., Halliday, G. M., & Dzamko, N. L. (2019) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-019-0086-4 · Cited by 109
Metadata
- Authors
- Athauda, D., Maclagan, K., Skene, S. S., Bajwa-Joseph, M., Letchford, D., Chowdhury, K., Hibbert, S., Budnik, N., Zampedri, L., Dickson, J., Li, Y., Aviles-Olmos, I., Warner, T. T., Limousin, P., Lees, A. J., Greig, N. H., Tebbs, S., & Foltynie, T.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Corresponding author
- Foltynie, Thomas
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 390
- Issue
- 10103
- Pages
- 1664-1675
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC5831666
- OpenAlex
- W2744843428
- Cited by
- 889
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 20
- FWCI
- 51.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 AG999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, exenatide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, neuroprotection, motor symptoms, off-medication state, dopaminergic therapy, neurodegeneration, adverse events, injection site reactions, gastrointestinal symptoms, drug repurposing, disease-modifying therapy
- MeSH terms
- Exenatide, Adult, Aged, Double-Blind Method, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurologic Examination, Parkinson Disease, Peptides, Venoms, Treatment Outcome
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