The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study
Open accessAbstract
Background Police kill more than 300 black Americans-at least a quarter of them unarmed-each year in the USA. These events might have spillover effects on the mental health of people not directly affected.Methods In this population-based, quasi-experimental study, we combined novel data on police killings with individual-level data from the nationally representative 2013-15 US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to estimate the causal impact of police killings of unarmed black Americans on self-reported mental health of other black American adults in the US general population. The primary exposure was the number of police killings of unarmed black Americans occurring in the 3 months prior to the BRFSS interview within the same state. The primary outcome was the number of days in the previous month in which the respondent's mental health was reported as "not good". We estimated difference-in-differences regression models-adjusting for state-month, month-year, and interview-day fixed effects, as well as age, sex, and educational attainment. We additionally assessed the timing of effects, the specificity of the effects to black Americans, and the robustness of our findings.Findings 38 993 (weighted sample share 49%) of 103 710 black American respondents were exposed to one or more police killings of unarmed black Americans in their state of residence in the 3 months prior to the survey. Each additional police killing of an unarmed black American was associated with 0·14 additional poor mental health days (95% CI 0·07-0·22; p=0·00047) among black American respondents. The largest effects on mental health occurred in the 1-2 months after exposure, with no significant effects estimated for respondents interviewed before police killings (falsification test). Mental health impacts were not observed among white respondents and resulted only from police killings of unarmed black Americans (not unarmed white Americans or armed black Americans).Interpretation Police killings of unarmed black Americans have adverse effects on mental health among black American adults in the general population. Programmes should be implemented to decrease the frequency of police killings and to mitigate adverse mental health effects within communities when such killings do occur.Funding Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and National Institutes of Health.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Bor et al. (2018) found that police killings of African Americans have an adverse effect on Black Americans' mental health.”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Bor et al. (2018)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The BLM movement has negatively affected the mental health of people in the Black community because many identify with the victims (Bor et al. 2018).”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Bor et al. 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Despite extensive evidence showing the negative mental health effects of race-related stress in POC [6-11,14-17] and the promise of mindfulness meditation to help these individuals cope [20-24,26,30-32,79], this evidence-based treatment continues to be understudied among this high-risk population in both traditional [30,35,36] and digital formats [46-48].”
From App-Based Mindfulness Meditation for People of Color Who Experience Race-Related Stress: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“And people of color who experience police brutality or witness incidents involving other racial or ethnic minority group members, either personally or vicariously, suffer from a variety of mental health consequences, ranging from anger and fear to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Aymer, 2016; Bor et al., 2018; see Bryant-Davis et al., 2017, for a review).”
From A call to dismantle systemic racism in criminal legal systems. (2022) · cites this paper as Bor et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Notably, exposure to police killings of unarmed Black people has not been shown to similarly negatively impact the mental health of White people (Bor et al., 2018).”
From A call to dismantle systemic racism in criminal legal systems. (2022) · cites this paper as Bor et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially alarming considering that 49% of a nationally representative sample of more than 100,000 Black Americans were found to have been exposed to at least one instance in which police had killed an unarmed Black American in their state in the prior 3 months (Bor et al., 2018).”
From A call to dismantle systemic racism in criminal legal systems. (2022) · cites this paper as Bor et al., 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Modified Poisson Regression Approach to Prospective Studies with Binary Data
Zou, G. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh090 · Cited by 9,920
Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion
Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009) · doi:10.1515/9781400829828 · Cited by 9,467
Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions
Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30569-x · Cited by 5,203
Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion
Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2008) · doi:10.2307/j.ctvcm4j72 · Cited by 5,051
A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference
Colin Cameron, A., & Miller, D. L. (2015) · Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.50.2.317 · Cited by 5,037
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371
Self-citationRacism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610
Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory
Essed, P. (1991) · doi:10.4135/9781483345239 · Cited by 2,461
Prevalence of and Trends in Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 1988-2012
Menke, A., Casagrande, S., Geiss, L., & Cowie, C. C. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10029 · Cited by 2,362
Harrell, S. P. (2000) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0087722 · Cited by 1,589
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 746
Rizvi, S. L., Finkelstein, J., Wacha-Montes, A., Yeager, A. L., Ruork, A. K., Yin, Q., Kellerman, J. K., Kim, J. S., Stern, M., Oshin, L. A., et al. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.104015 · Cited by 29
Phelps, M. S., Robertson, C. E., & Powell, A. J. (2021) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/717671 · Cited by 26
Lusk, J. B., Xu, H., Thomas, L. E., Cohen, L. W., Hernandez, A. F., Forrest, C. B., Michtalik, H. J., Turner, K. B., O'Brien, E. C., & Barrett, N. J. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101314 · Cited by 26
Police killings and suicide among Black Americans
Kyriopoulos, I., Vandoros, S., & Kawachi, I. I. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114964 · Cited by 30
Stallings, S., Cunningham‐Erves, J., Frazier, C., Ichimura, J., Hurd, T. C., Jurinsky, J., Acquaye, A. G., Dalton, J. S., & Wilkins, C. H. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.48812 · Cited by 28
Brunette, M. F., Erlich, M. D., Edwards, M. L., Adler, D. A., Berlant, J., Dixon, L., First, M. B., Oslin, D. W., Siris, S. G., & Talley, R. M. (2023) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001734 · Cited by 26
First, J. M., Danforth, L., Frisby, C. M., Warner, B. R., Ferguson, M. W., & Houston, J. B. (2020) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/711162 · Cited by 29
Ransome, Y., Valido, A., Espelage, D. L., Clements, G., Harrell, C. J., Eckel, C., Price, N., Nassau, R., Nyhan, K., & Taggart, T. (2023) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxad009 · Cited by 28
Majority Taxes — Toward Antiracist Allyship in Medicine
Mensah, M. O. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmpv2022964 · Cited by 25
Police Safety, Killings by the Police and the Militarization of US Law Enforcement
Masera, F. (2019) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2021.103365 · Cited by 25
Identifying misconduct-committing officer crews in the Chicago police department
Jain, A. K., Sinclair, R., & Papachristos, A. V. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267217 · Cited by 25
Psychophysiological and affective reactivity to vicarious police violence
Sosoo, E. E., MacCormack, J. K., & Neblett, E. W. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14065 · Cited by 26
Measuring institutional and structural racism in research on adolescence and developmental science
Neblett, E. W., & Neal, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12810 · Cited by 28
Wright, J. L., Jarvis, J. N., Pachter, L. M., & Walker-Harding, L. R. (2020) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01141-7 · Cited by 26
Policing is a threat to public health and human rights
Deivanayagam, T. A., Lasoye, S., Smith, J., & Selvarajah, S. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004582 · Cited by 22
Refining Black men’s depression measurement using participatory approaches: a concept mapping study
Adams, L. B., Baxter, S. L. K., Lightfoot, A. F., Gottfredson, N. C., Golin, C. E., Jackson, L. C., Tabron, J., Corbie-Smith, G. M., & Powell, W. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11137-5 · Cited by 24
Extreme racism-related events and poor sleep in African-American women
McKinnon, I. I., Johnson, D. A., Murden, R., Erving, C. L., Parker, R., Dyke, M. E. V., Vaccarino, V., Booker, B., Moore, R. H., & Lewis, T. T. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115269 · Cited by 26
The social patterning of vicarious discrimination: Implications for health equity
Quinn, E. B., Ross, J., Boston, P. Q., Mulligan, C. J., & Gravlee, C. C. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104 · Cited by 28
Psychedelics and Racial Justice
Williams, M. T., Cabral, V. G., & Faber, S. C. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01160-5 · Cited by 25
Racism: A Challenge for the Therapeutic Dyad
Stoute, B. J. (2020) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200043 · Cited by 23
Health Consequences of Laws and Public Policies That Target, or Protect, Marginalized Populations
Taylor, C. J. (2019) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12753 · Cited by 24
Racial Incivility in Everyday Life: A Conceptual Framework for Linking Process, Person, and Context
Ong, A. D. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621991869 · Cited by 23
Lethal Police Encounters and Cardiovascular Health among Black Americans
Talbert, R. D. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01359-7 · Cited by 19
Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., Woodward, K. P., Qureshi, F., Ganson, K. T., & Nagata, J. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811710 · Cited by 23
Association of Gun Violence With Emergency Department Visits for Stress-Responsive Complaints
South, E. C., Stillman, K., Buckler, D. G., & Wiebe, D. J. (2020) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.10.014 · Cited by 22
News Coping and Resistance: An Examination of Entertainment as Self-Care in the Digital Black Press
Fayne, M. W. (2023) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2023.2295541 · Cited by 23
Jones, S. C. T., Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2021) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-021-00044-8 · Cited by 23
Allostatic Load, Income, and Race Among Black and White Men in the United States
Tavares, C. D., Bell, C. N., Zare, H., Hudson, D., & Thorpe, R. J. (2022) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883221092290 · Cited by 22
Fatal overdose: Predicting to prevent
Bórquez, A., & Martin, N. K. (2022) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103677 · Cited by 22
Ibragimov, U., Beane, S., Friedman, S. R., Smith, J. C., Tempalski, B. J., Williams, L. D., Adimora, A. A., Wingood, G. M., McKetta, S. C., Stall, R. D., et al. (2019) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2019-054026 · Cited by 22
Decriminalising being Black with mental illness
Jordan, A., Allsop, S. A., & Collins, P. Y. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30519-8 · Cited by 22
A call to dismantle systemic racism in criminal legal systems.
Najdowski, C. J., & Stevenson, M. C. (2022) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000510 · Cited by 21
“This is especially alarming considering that 49% of a nationally representative sample of more than 100,000 Black Americans were found to have been exposed to at least one instance in which police had killed an unarmed Black American in their state in the prior three months (Bor et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPolicing Is a Public Health Issue: The Important Role of Health Educators
Fleming, P., Lopez, W., Spolum, M. M., Anderson, R., Reyes, A., & Schulz, A. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211001010 · Cited by 20
Racial Disparities in Neighborhood Arrest Rates during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jahn, J. L., Simes, J. T., Cowger, T. L., & Davis, B. A. (2022) · Journal of urban health · doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00598-z · Cited by 20
Adolescent Health in the Post-Pandemic Era
Close, J. S., Arshad, S. H., Soffer, S. L., Lewis, J., & Benton, T. D. (2024) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.002 · Cited by 21
The Measurement and Structure of Microaggressive Communications by White People Against Black People
Kanter, J. W., Williams, M. T., Kuczynski, A. M., Corey, M. D., Parigoris, R. M., Carey, C. M., Manbeck, K. E., Wallace, E. C., & Rosen, D. C. (2020) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-020-09298-w · Cited by 23
Executions and Police Conflicts Involving Children, Adolescents and Young Adults
Johnson, T. J., & Wright, J. L. (2021) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2020.12.012 · Cited by 21
Kiang, M., & Tsai, A. (2021) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.04.018 · Cited by 14
Self-citationSeeing One Another: The Creation of the Sawubona Healing Circles
Auguste, E. E., Lodge, T., Carrenard, N., Onwong’a, J. R., Zollicoffer, A., Collins, D., & London, L. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241250227 · Cited by 20
Examining the Relevance of Contextual Gun Ownership on Fatal Police Shootings
Sheppard, K. G., Zimmerman, G. M., & Fridel, E. E. (2021) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2021.1922733 · Cited by 20
Thompson, A. B., Baquero, M., English, D., Calvo, M., Martin‐Howard, S., Rowell‐Cunsolo, T. L., Garretson, M., & Brahmbhatt, D. (2021) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00583-6 · Cited by 21
Getting under the Skin: The Impact of Terrorist Attacks on Native and Immigrant Sentiment
Frey, A. (2021) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soab135 · Cited by 22
Anderson, L. A., Morton, L. B., & Trejo, A. N. (2022) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12466 · Cited by 20
Kaufman, E. J., Richmond, T. S., & Hoskins, K. (2022) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2022.09.010 · Cited by 20
Wilson, B. L., Wolfer, T. A., Wooten, N. R., Pitner, R., Moore, S. E., & Anders, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2023.2173353 · Cited by 25
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Child Health, and the Pediatric Subspecialty Workforce
Orr, C. J., Leslie, L. K., Schaechter, J. L., Williams, X. J., Montez, K. G., Deen, J. F., Evans, Y. N., Russell, C. J., Webb, J., Gaona, A. R., et al. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-063678s · Cited by 20
Providing antiracist cognitive-behavioral therapy: Guidelines, tools, and tips
Cénat, J. M., Haeny, A. M., & Williams, M. T. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116054 · Cited by 20
Richardson, A. S., Troxel, W., Ghosh‐Dastidar, M., Hunter, G., Beckman, R., Collins, R. L., Holliday, S. B., Nugroho, A. K., Hale, L. E., Buysse, D. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-214500 · Cited by 19
A Mixed-Studies Review of the School-to-Prison Pipeline and a Call to Action for School Nurses
Aronowitz, S. V., Kim, B., & Aronowitz, T. B. (2020) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840520972003 · Cited by 21
Editorial: Rendezvous With Truth and Discovery
Mattaini, M. A., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2020) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.1007/s42822-020-00034-y · Cited by 20
Medical Mistrust and Willingness to Use Mental Health Services Among a Cohort of Black Adults
Pederson, A. B., McLaughlin, C., Hawkins, D., Jain, F. A., Anglin, D. M., Yeung, A., & Tsai, A. C. (2025) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20240016 · Cited by 20
Self-citationCénat, J. M., Farahi, S. M. M. M., Gakima, L., Mukunzi, J. N., Darius, W. P., Diao, D. G., Bekarkhanechi, F. M., Dalcé, A., Bangoura, B.-K., Mkhatri, J., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101027 · Cited by 22
Healing Ethno-Racial Trauma in Black Communities
Akerele, O., McCall, M. P., & Aragam, G. G. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0537 · Cited by 18
Alexander, A. C., Waring, J. J. C., Noble, B., Bradley, D., Olurotimi, O., Fronheiser, J., Sifat, M., Ehlke, S. J., Boozary, L. K., McQuoid, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01326-2 · Cited by 18
Change in distress about police brutality and substance use among young people, 2017–2020
Mattingly, D. T., Howard, L. C., Krueger, E. A., Fleischer, N. L., Halbert, C. H., & Leventhal, A. M. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109530 · Cited by 18
Newton, H., Beetham, T., & Busch, S. H. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24803 · Cited by 18
Noble, A., Owens, B., Thulien, N. S., & Suleiman, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273502 · Cited by 18
Codding, R. S., Collier‐Meek, M. A., Jimerson, S. R., Klingbeil, D. A., Mayer, M. J., & Miller, F. G. (2020) · School Psychology · doi:10.1037/spq0000399 · Cited by 18
Racial Disparities in Drug Arrest Before and After De Facto Decriminalization in Baltimore
Rouhani, S., Tomko, C. A., Silberzahn, B. E., Weicker, N. P., & Sherman, S. G. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2023.04.004 · Cited by 17
Herd, D. A. (2025) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101801 · Cited by 17
Brown, T. N., Solazzo, A. L., & Gorman, B. K. (2020) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649220911387 · Cited by 18
Najdowski, C. J., & Goff, P. A. (2021) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12083 · Cited by 19
Morrissey, B., Hughes, T. D., Ostrach, B. M. M., Wilson, L., Getty, R., Combs, T. L., Bennett, J., & Carroll, J. J. (2022) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-022-00690-w · Cited by 17
McLeroy, A. M., & Wang, Y. C. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584221144975 · Cited by 17
Police violence and the health of black infants
Legewie, J. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax7894 · Cited by 18
RetractedStates with more killings of unarmed Black people have larger Black–White preterm birth disparities
Yang, N. Y. C., Collins, J. W., & Burris, H. H. (2021) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-020-00914-6 · Cited by 17
Crisis Counseling for Black Lives Matter Protests
Green, D. A., Williams, B. A., & Park, K. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.43.3.03 · Cited by 17
Osman, S., Aiello, O., Brouillette, K., Taylor, M., McKenzie, K. J., Renzaho, A. M. N., Henderson, J. L., Hamilton, H. A., & Salami, B. O. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/08445621241253116 · Cited by 21
Cheng, A. L., Bradley, E. C., Brady, B. K., Calfee, R. P., Klesges, L. M., Colditz, G. A., & Prather, H. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000001774 · Cited by 15
The time is now: why we must identify and address health disparities in sport and recreation injury
Baker, C., Chinaka, O., & Stewart, E. C. (2021) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-021-00320-2 · Cited by 18
Ahmed, M. K., Scretching, D., & Lane, S. D. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01796-0 · Cited by 21
Bozorgmehr, K., Kühne, S., & Biddle, L. (2023) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011472 · Cited by 16
A Mixed-Methods Study of Race-Based Stress and Trauma Affecting Asian Americans During COVID
Yang, J. P., Do, Q. A., Nhan, E. R., & Chen, J. A. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231180810 · Cited by 19
Shared social identity and media transmission of trauma
Relihan, D. P., Jones, N. M., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33898-2 · Cited by 19
Threats to Blue Networks: The Effect of Partner Injuries on Police Misconduct
Zhao, L. H., & Papachristos, A. V. (2024) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224231208723 · Cited by 15
Moody, D. L. B., Leibel, D. K., Pantesco, E. J., Wendell, C. R., Waldstein, S. R., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000765 · Cited by 15
Gingles, D. (2021) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-021-00584-6 · Cited by 17
Effects of Racial Trauma on Black Doctor of Pharmacy Students
Kiles, T. M., Cernasev, A., Tran, B., & Chisholm‐Burns, M. A. (2021) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8558 · Cited by 19
Socio-spatial Self-organizing Maps
Relia, K., Akbari, M., Duncan, D. T., & Chunara, R. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274414 · Cited by 16
Galán, C. A., Tung, I., Tabachnick, A. R., Sequeira, S. L., Novacek, D. M., Kahhalé, I., Jamal-Orozco, N. P., González, J. C., Bowdring, M. A., Boness, C. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.01.001 · Cited by 16
Salas-Hernández, L., DeVylder, J., Cooper, H. L. F., Duarte, C., Sewell, A. A., Walker, E. R., & Haardörfer, R. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-022-00643-5 · Cited by 16
Addressing Residential Segregation as a Social Determinant of Health
Carter, P. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.22619 · Cited by 15
Tausen, B. M., Misgano, M., & Wilson, B. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01503-3 · Cited by 16
Local gun violence, mental health, and sleep: A neighborhood analysis in one hundred US Cities
Semenza, D. C., Silver, I. A., Stansfield, R., & Bamwine, P. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116929 · Cited by 18
Yang, Y., & Zou, M. (2024) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109443 · Cited by 15
New Preemption as a Tool of Structural Racism: Implications for Racial Health Inequities
Melton-Fant, C. E. (2022) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1017/jme.2022.4 · Cited by 16
Highly public anti-Black violence and preterm birth odds for Black and White mothers
Curtis, D. S., Smith, K. R., Chae, D. H., Washburn, T., Lee, H. E., Kim, J., & Kramer, M. R. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101112 · Cited by 15
Exploring the Policy Implications of High‐Profile Police Violence
Lacoe, J. R., & Stein, J. (2018) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12410 · Cited by 15
Gerő, K., Noubary, F., Kawachi, I., Baum, C., Wallace, R. B., Briesacher, B., & Kim, D. H. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054360 · Cited by 10
Contested Legitimacy in Ferguson
Bloom, J. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009075091 · Cited by 22
Race-based trauma and post-traumatic growth through identity transformation
Chin, D., Smith-Clapham, A. M., & Wyatt, G. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1031602 · Cited by 14
Hawkins, D. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231179705 · Cited by 17
Wilson, B. L., Wolfer, T. A., Wooten, N. R., Pitner, R., Moore, S. E., & Anders, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984231191841 · Cited by 15
Snapshot of a social movement: Mental health and protest classes in Hong Kong
Li, A., Chak, W. H., & Yuen, K. S. L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.111 · Cited by 15
Stolte, A., Nagy, G. A., Zhan, C., Mouw, T., & Merli, M. G. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100159 · Cited by 14
Exposure to Discrimination and Sleep
Lewis, T. T., & McKinnon, I. I. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190930448.003.0011 · Cited by 14
Validity of details in databases logging police killings
Lozada, M. J., & Nix, J. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)33043-5 · Cited by 14
Coping While Black: Comparing Coping Strategies Across COVID-19 and the Killing of Black People
Cox, J. M., Toussaint, A., Woerner, J. I., Smith, A. C., & Haeny, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01600-x · Cited by 13
Public trust is earned: Historical discrimination, carceral violence, and the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Anderson, A., Lewis, D. F., Shafer, P. R., Anderson, J., & LaVeist, T. A. (2023) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14187 · Cited by 14
Racism hurts, can antiracism heal?: Positive mental health correlates of antiracist engagement
Brannon, T. N. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad309 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Bor, J., Venkataramani, A. S., Williams, D. R., & Tsai, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Venkataramani, Atheendar S
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 392
- Issue
- 10144
- Pages
- 302-310
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC6376989
- OpenAlex
- W2809472886
- Cited by
- 746
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 12
- FWCI
- 324.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH105320, K23MH106362)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- police killings, police brutality, mental health, African Americans, spillover effects, racial disparities, racial bias in policing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Female, Homicide, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, United States, Police, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Young Adult, Racism, Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
