Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

When social media users share news coverage of protests, it can help to disrupt the protest paradigm and increase support for movements.

“When social media users share news coverage of protests, it can help to disrupt the protest paradigm and increase support for movements (Barberá et al. 2015;Harlow et al. 2017).”

• cites Barberá et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) finds that peripheral social media users amplify protest messages and expose more people to protest information. It also says such information can increase support for opposition parties. It does not examine users sharing news coverage, disruption of the protest paradigm, or increased support for movements specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Harlow et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Police killings of African Americans have an adverse effect on Black Americans' mental health.

“Bor et al. (2018) found that police killings of African Americans have an adverse effect on Black Americans' mental health.”

• cites Bor et al. (2018) sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports adverse mental-health effects among Black Americans following police killings of unarmed Black Americans. The claim omits “unarmed,” extending the finding to police killings of Black Americans generally; the Abstract’s Findings report no observed mental-health impact from killings of armed Black Americans. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The BLM movement has negatively affected the mental health of people in the Black community because many identify with the victims.

“The BLM movement has negatively affected the mental health of people in the Black community because many identify with the victims (Bor et al. 2018).”

• cites Bor et al. 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report worse mental health among Black Americans following police killings of unarmed Black Americans. The Discussion identifies identification with the deceased as a possible pathway, not an established explanation. The paper does not attribute the harm to the BLM movement. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Although both the Black and non-Black audience grew in May, the Black audience declined in June and July while the non-Black audience continued to grow.

“Also, although both the Black and non-Black audience grew in May, the Black audience declined in June and July while the non-Black audience continued to grow (see Appendix Chart A2).”

May combine two claims.

None of the BLM events caught Black press journalists by surprise; they felt they had been doing this since day one.

“A recurring theme was that none of the BLM events caught Black press journalists by surprise.”

• Also stated in: § "We're Black history 365" · plain

  “We've been doing this since day one.This is what we do every day.So it's not a big departure from the norm for us.This is our norm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Working at a Black press outlet made Pinnock feel comfortable asking for the time she needed, and she was grateful for the genuine support she received from her managers.

“Working at a Black press outlet made her feel comfortable asking for the time she needed and she was grateful for the genuine support she received from her managers.”

May combine two claims.

Black press journalists understood the emotional trauma their readers were experiencing and used social media to create a space for community dialogue about it.

“Black press journalists understood the emotional trauma their readers were experiencing and used social media to create a space for community dialogue about it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Matthews shared that Black media professionals feel similarly to their readers who are negatively affected by traumatic coverage.

“Matthews of The Undefeated shared how Black media professionals feel similarly to their readers who are negatively affected by traumatic coverage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Essence has published nearly 300 digital articles about Trayvon Martin's case since 2012.

“She said she got to know Trayvon Martin's mother, Sybrina Fulton, personally, and Essence has published nearly 300 digital articles about her son's case since 2012.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pinnock needed to take a break from her job during the George Floyd protests and when the Breonna Taylor police report was released.

“Pinnock of The Grio, particularly recalled how she needed to take a break from her job during the George Floyd protests and when the Breonna Taylor police report was released.”

May combine two claims.

Some digital Black press journalists continued to produce BLM coverage after the height of the protests because police brutality and systemic racism were still happening, even if the stories received less attention.

“Some of our participants stated that they continued to produce BLM coverage even after the height of the protests because police brutality and systemic racism was still happening, even if the stories did not garner the same amount of attention.”

May combine two claims.

Digital Black press journalists thought it was important to ask how their readers were doing during the BLM protests and found readers receptive to these inquiries.

“Our interlocutors thought it was important to ask how their readers were doing during the BLM protests and found them to be receptive to these inquiries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These journalists had the dual burden of reporting on emotionally triggering content while trying to perform their job responsibilities during a global pandemic.

“These journalists had the dual burden of reporting on emotionally triggering content while trying to perform their job responsibilities during a global pandemic.”

May combine two claims.

When Black press journalists did use official sources, they notably looked for Black politicians and lawyers and did not speak with police officers.

“When Black press journalists did use official sources, they notably looked for Black politicians and lawyers and did not speak with police officers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Black press journalists noted that their readers are particularly interested in how Black celebrities give back to the community.

“Black press journalists noted that their readers are particularly interested in how Black celebrities give back to the community.”

May combine two claims.

Both Black and non-Black audiences turned to the Black press for more in-depth coverage and to get the African American perspective.

“Both Black and non-Black audiences turned to the Black press for more in-depth coverage and to get the African American perspective.”

May combine two claims.

Black digital publications educated mainstream audiences during the racial reckonings of 2020 and inspired dialogue about the best ways to understand the protests around the nation.

“Black digital publications educated mainstream audiences during the racial reckonings of 2020 and inspired dialogue about the best ways to understand the protests around the nation.”

May combine two claims.

Mainstream news coverage of protests typically critiques and demonizes protesters, highlights extremists and violence, and preferences official perspectives.

“Typically, this type of news coverage critiques and demonizes protesters, highlights extremists and violence, and preferences official perspectives (Brown 2021;Di Cicco 2010).”

• cites Brown 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Di Cicco 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Social media counterpublics, such as Black Twitter, have shifted problematic frames of protest coverage by critiquing legacy media publicly.

“Research has shown that social media counterpublics, such as Black Twitter, have shifted problematic frames of protest coverage by critiquing legacy media publicly (Brown 2021).”

• cites Brown 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Systemic biases are present in both national and international news media and journalists treat some groups more unfairly, especially if they threaten the status quo.

“Boyle et al. (2012) argued that systemic biases are present in the both national and international news media and journalists treat some groups more unfairly, especially if they threaten the status quo.”

• cites Boyle et al. (2012) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This is evidence of humanizing framing, a more holistic portrayal of victims that helps center African Americans' humanity.

“We view this as evidence of humanizing framing (Keliikoa et al. 2022), which is a more holistic portrayal of victims, that helps to center African Americans' humanity.”

• cites Keliikoa et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Digital-first Black news outlets are considered the new Black press and are working to perpetuate the centering and empowerment of African Americans in news narratives.

“Digital-first Black news outlets are considered the “new Black press” and are working to perpetuate the centering and empowerment of African Americans in news narratives (Douglas 2020).”

• cites Douglas 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although all journalists were strained more than usual during 2020, this sentiment was exacerbated for Black journalists covering the BLM movement.

“Although all journalists were strained more than usual during 2020, this sentiment was exacerbated for Black journalists covering the BLM movement.”

May combine two claims.

The debate frame is more commonly used by the alternative press and helps to legitimize protests by highlighting the protesters' social critiques.

“However, this frame is more commonly used by the alternative press and helps to legitimize protests by highlighting the protesters' social critiques (Brown 2021;Harlow et al. 2020).”

• cites Brown 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Harlow et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Movement journalism is rooted in the practices of legacy Black press outlets.

“This emergent genre of journalism aims to change how the news media covers social movements and is rooted in the practices of legacy Black press outlets (Simonton 2017).”

• cites Simonton 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many mainstream outlets covered the protests as isolated events and did not focus on the ideas behind the protests, therefore using episodic instead of thematic framing.

“In addition, many mainstream outlets covered the protests as isolated events and did not focus on the ideas behind the protests, therefore using episodic instead of thematic framing.”

• cites Iyengar 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One poll found that forty-two percent of adults believed that most BLM protesters were trying to incite violence or destroy property.

“One poll found that forty-two percent of adults believed that most BLM protesters were “trying to incite violence or destroy property” (Consult 2020: 49).”

• cites Consult 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The participants in this study represented thirteen, or about one-third, of the leading Black press publications.

“Given that one of our eleven interlocutors spoke to us about three of the websites in her company's portfolio, the participants in this study represented thirteen, or about one-third, of the leading Black press publications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Community news outlets are practicing reciprocal journalism by engaging with their audience in a mutually beneficial way.

“Community news outlets are using social media to practice “reciprocal journalism” and engaging in mutually beneficial relationships with users (Lewis et al. 2014).”

• cites Lewis et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Humanizing framing is an investment in detailing someone's life and character in a manner that allows readers to better understand and possibly relate to the person or their family.

“We view humanizing framing as an investment in detailing someone's life and character in a manner that allows for readers to better understand and possibly relate to the person or their family.”

May combine two claims.

Some media outlets overrepresented the amount of violence at BLM protests and did not provide contextualized coverage.

“However, there were some media outlets that overrepresented the amount of violence at these protests and did not provide contextualized coverage (Lahut 2020; Pierre-Louis 2020).”

• cites Lahut 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pierre-Louis 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study used inductive coding to group common responses among journalists in an effort not to impose preconceptions on the data.

“In an effort not to impose our preconceptions on the data, we used inductive coding to group the common responses among the journalists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Right-wing media outlets leaned heavily into racist framing when reporting on the BLM movement using five key tropes: discrediting racial politics, and blaming Black victims, Black leaders, the Black community, and Black protesters.

“Mills (2017) found that right-wing media outlets, such as Fox News, leaned heavily into racist framing when reporting on the BLM movement using five key tropes: discrediting racial politics, and blaming Black victims, Black leaders, the Black community, and Black protesters.”

• cites Mills (2017) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Alternative and digital outlets have countered the protest paradigm when they cover social justice protests.

“However, research has shown that alternative and digital outlets have countered the protest paradigm when they cover social justice protests.”

• cites Downing 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Harlow and Johnson 2011Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Seven mainstream newspapers resorted to the riot frame, used official sources, published quotes from bystanders who disapproved of the protests, demonized the protesters, and blamed them for acts of violence.

“Leopold and Bell (2017) found that seven mainstream newspapers resorted to the riot frame, used official sources, published quotes from bystanders who disapproved of the protests, demonized the protesters, and blamed them for acts of violence.”

• cites Leopold and Bell (2017) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study analyzed 229 coded segments consisting of sentence- or paragraph-length responses concerning the different themes.

“We analyzed 229 coded segments consisting of sentence-or paragraph-length responses concerning the different themes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Social media users are especially powerful in their ability to influence the visibility of protests and legitimize them.

“Harlow et al. (2020) found that social media users are especially powerful in their ability to influence the visibility of protests and legitimize them.”

• cites Harlow et al. (2020) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Black journalists were subject to increased exposure to anti-Black rhetoric but persevered out of a greater desire to serve their Black audience.

“While Black journalists were subject to increased exposure to anti-Black rhetoric, they persevered out of a greater desire to serve their Black audience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

African Americans often read the Black press because they believe it provides more fair and accurate coverage of political content.

“African Americans often read the Black press because they believe it provides more fair and accurate coverage of political content (Cohen 1999).”

• cites Cohen 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Support from newsroom management is important to help journalists cope with distress.

“research has shown that support from newsroom management is important to help journalists cope with distress (Beam and Spratt 2009;Walker 2022).”

• cites Beam and Spratt 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Walker 2022Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Walker's research on Black broadcast journalists covering BLM found that many dealt with their emotional trauma by getting a therapist, going to the gym, relying on their faith, or by taking personal days off.

“Walker's (2022) research on Black broadcast journalists covering BLM found that many dealt with their emotional trauma by getting a therapist, going to the gym, relying on their faith, or by taking personal days off.”

• cites Walker's (2022)Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Black press has historically been considered an advocacy press as it foregrounds issues of concern to African Americans.

“Founded in 1827, the Black press has historically been considered an advocacy press as it foregrounds issues of concern to African Americans (Washburn 2006).”

• cites Washburn 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many mainstream news outlets follow the protest paradigm and rely on official sources, such as police and politicians, to provide legitimacy to stories.

“Although many mainstream news outlets follow the protest paradigm and rely on official sources, such as police and politicians, to provide legitimacy to stories”

• cites Brown and Harlow 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Brown et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McLeod and Hertog 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many journalists are exposed to traumatic events given the nature of their work.

“Many journalists are exposed to traumatic events given the nature of their work (Smith et al. 2018), but journalists of color may be even more impacted when reporting on traumatic topics related to their racial identity.”

• cites Smith et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Thematic instead of episodic coverage helps advance the larger goals of the BLM movement and counter the protest paradigm by focusing on racism instead of foregrounding protests as events.

“This thematic instead of episodic coverage then helps to advance the larger goals of the BLM movement and counter the protest paradigm, by focusing on racism, which is the reason behind the protests, instead of foregrounding the protests as events (McLeod and Hertog 1992;Smith et al. 2001).”

• cites McLeod and Hertog 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Smith et al. 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In the three months following George Floyd's death, there were more than 7,750 BLM protests across the country, and ninety-three percent of them were peaceful.

“In the three months following George Floyd's death, there were more than 7,750 BLM protests across the country, and ninety-three percent of them were peaceful (Kishi and Jones 2020).”

• cites Kishi and Jones 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This editorial approach helps to illustrate how oppression operates and is a continuation of the traditional Black press' historical practice of movement journalism.

“This editorial approach helps to illustrate how oppression operates and is a continuation of the traditional Black press' historical practice of movement journalism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This study uses interviews, but journalists' self-reported data may or may not align with their actual practices.

“This study uses interviews to address this line of inquiry, but journalists' self-reported data may or may not align with their actual practices.”

May combine two claims.

These practices contributed to the digital Black public sphere, which enables discussion and promotes the circulation of African American ideologies online.

“These practices contributed to the digital Black public sphere, which enables discussion and promotes the circulation of African American ideologies online (Williams Fayne 2019).”

• cites Williams Fayne 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Brown (2021) found that some of the most circulated coverage related to Stephon Clark's death was about two African American professional basketball players who helped pay for his funeral.

“Brown (2021) found that some of the most circulated coverage related to Stephon Clark's death was about two African American professional basketball players who helped pay for his funeral.”

• cites Brown 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Black press journalists are not exempt from this trauma and may even be more prone to it given their profession.

“Black press journalists are not exempt from this trauma and may even be more prone to it given their profession (Smith et al. 2018).”

• cites Smith et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the Indian media's coverage of the Gulf War, Sainath (1992) found that many outlets published content from US syndicates, such as the Associated Press and Reuters, and emulated Western news outlets' views.

“For example, in the Indian media's coverage of the Gulf War, Sainath (1992) found that many outlets published content from US syndicates, such as the Associated Press and Reuters, and emulated Western news outlets' views.”

• cites Sainath 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Digital Black press outlets were then able to capitalize on this and meet their audience where they already were.

“Digital Black press outlets were then able to capitalize on this and meet their audience where they already were.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The digital Black press' employment of movement journalism attracted large audiences and can therefore encourage global media outlets to publish more content concerning the oppressed groups in their respective countries.

“The digital Black press' employment of movement journalism attracted large audiences and can therefore encourage global media outlets to publish more content concerning the oppressed groups in their respective countries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Owens argued that this may be due to an increased comfort level between journalists of color and minority interview subjects.

“She argued that this may be due to an increased comfort level between journalists of color and minority interview subjects.”

• cites Owens 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although the study did not do a comparative analysis across countries, its focus on the US digital Black press' BLM coverage provides useful insights about how an underrepresented group covers social justice protests originating in their home country.

“Although we did not do a comparative analysis across countries, our focus on the US digital Black press' BLM coverage provides useful insights about how an underrepresented group covers social justice protests originating in their home country.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The various organizational structures at each of the outlets included is another limitation of this research.

“Also, the various organizational structures at each of the outlets we included is another limitation of this research.”

May combine two claims.

Family members' perspectives contributed to a humanizing framing of victims and evidenced that many others in the Black community are suffering as a result of police violence.

“Family members' perspectives contributed to a humanizing framing of victims and evidenced that many others in the Black community are suffering as a result of police violence.”

May combine two claims.

As a result of their ongoing commitment to advocating for the Black community, digital Black press journalists effectively countered the protest paradigm, practiced movement journalism, and provided exemplary BLM coverage that served both the African American and global audience.

“We argue that as a result of their ongoing commitment to advocating for the Black community, digital Black press journalists effectively countered the protest paradigm, practiced movement journalism, and provided exemplary BLM coverage that served both the African American and global audience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some digital Black press outlets with large social followings may have been excluded from this research if their website traffic did not meet Comscore's minimum reporting requirements.

“Some digital Black press outlets with large social followings may have been excluded from this research if their website traffic did not meet Comscore's minimum reporting requirements.”

May combine two claims.

Black press outlets' ongoing coverage of the Black community and social justice means that they do not provide episodic coverage, but rather add more context to their stories when protests occur.

“In addition, Black press outlets' ongoing coverage of the Black community and social justice means that they do not provide episodic coverage, but rather add more context to their stories when protests occur.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This trust may have allowed the victims' relatives to feel more comfortable speaking with Black press journalists.

“This trust may have allowed the victims' relatives to feel more comfortable speaking with Black press journalists.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Movement journalism calls for a dissolution of hierarchies between journalists and sources.

“Movement journalism calls for a dissolution of hierarchies between journalists and sources (Simonton 2017).”

• cites Simonton 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Our study shows that for Black press outlets, the inclusion of Black experts is also a means to serve their community and facilitate readers' reception of the content that is being shared.

“Our study shows that for Black press outlets, the inclusion of Black experts is also a means to serve their community and facilitate readers' reception of the content that is being shared.”

May combine two claims.

BLM activists use platforms such as Twitter to directly speak with users and to gain media attention.

“BLM activists use platforms such as Twitter to directly speak with users and to gain media attention.”

• cites Freelon et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Scholars have argued that western media often dominate news cycles and greatly influence coverage of global events.

“Scholars have argued that western media often dominate news cycles and greatly influence coverage of global events (Peng 2008).”

• cites Peng 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This practice models one of movement journalism's tenets, which says news media should produce content that is grounded in the lived experience of oppressed groups.

“This practice models one of movement journalism's tenets, which says news media should produce content that is grounded in the lived experience of oppressed groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Readers from across the globe may have looked to Black press content for reprieve from national and international media coverage that adhered to the protest paradigm.

“As such, readers from across the globe may have looked to Black press content for reprieve from national and international media coverage that adhered to the protest paradigm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The increased attention that their outlets received from both Black and non-Black audiences in 2020 demonstrates a collective desire to forego delegitimizing protest paradigm coverage for legitimizing coverage that includes diverse voices and perspectives.

“The increased attention that their outlets received from both Black and non-Black audiences in 2020 demonstrates a collective desire to forego delegitimizing protest paradigm coverage for legitimizing coverage that includes diverse voices and perspectives.”

May combine two claims.

Official sources are commonly used by journalists because they are easy to access and provide the illusion of objectivity; however, these sources often delegitimize protests and exclude the voices and goals of demonstrators.

“Official sources are commonly used by journalists because they are easy to access and provide the illusion of objectivity; however, these sources often delegitimize protests and exclude the voices and goals of demonstrators (Brown and Harlow 2019;Brown et al. 2019;McLeod and Hertog 1999).”

• cites Brown and Harlow 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Brown et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McLeod and Hertog 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mainstream reporters may choose not to interview protesters in an effort not to appear to be advocates and in alignment with the protest paradigm.

“In an effort to not appear to be advocates, and in alignment with the protest paradigm, mainstream reporters may choose to not interview protesters (McLeod and Hertog 1999).”

• cites McLeod and Hertog 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Owens (2008) analyzed network news programs and found that official sources were predominately white, but minority journalists were twice as likely to include minority sources in their stories.

“Owens (2008) analyzed network news programs and found that official sources were predominately white, but minority journalists were twice as likely to include minority sources in their stories.”

• cites Owens 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source