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Ethnicity and COVID-19: an urgent public health research priority
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“With emerging evidence on how COVID-19-induced mobility restrictions have disproportionally impacted women (e.g. gender-based violence),60,61 sexual minorities62,63 and ethnic minority groups worldwide,64,65”
From Social consequences of mass quarantine during epidemics: a systematic review with implications for the COVID-19 response (2020) · cites this paper as [65]
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Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016 · cited 1×
“1 Striking differences between Chinese and Italian mortality indicate ethnicity might affect disease outcome, but there is little to no data to support or refute this.”
BackgroundTillin, T., Hughes, A. D., Mayet, J., Whincup, P. H., Sattar, N. A., Forouhi, N. G., McKeigue, P., & Chaturvedi, N. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.046 · Cited by 288
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“3 As COVID-19 spreads to areas with large cosmopolitan populations, understanding how ethnicity affects COVID-19 outcomes is essential.”
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Observational data during the COVID-19 pandemic: opportunity with uncertainty
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Willingness of the UK public to volunteer for testing in relation to the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
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Li, Y., & Ding, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2024.1215676 · Cited by 4
HLA alleles associated with susceptibility and severity of the COVID-19 in Vietnamese
Hải, N. T. T., Vu, N. P., Tâm, N. T. T., Ngọc, T. T. B., Thương, M. T. H., Đại, H. V., Dương, N. T., Hải, N. V., Tôn, N. Đ., Thạch, P. N., et al. (2024) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110796 · Cited by 4
Efeitos da COVID-19 entre gestantes pretas e pardas: Revisão integrativa da literatura
dos Santos, G. G., de Andrade, L. H., Magaton, A. P. F. D. S., & Pàrada, C. M. G. D. L. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i6.15531 · Cited by 13
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Mathonnat, J., Audibert, M., & Nossek, V. (2022) · Revue d économie du développement · doi:10.3917/edd.351.0111 · Cited by 4
Political Catchphrases and Contemporary History
Gupta, S. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863690.001.0001 · Cited by 5
Racial difference in mortality among COVID-19 hospitalizations in California
Rubens, M., Ramamoorthy, V., Saxena, A., Zevallos, J. C., Ruíz, J. G., Ahmed, M. A., Zhang, Z., McGranaghan, P., Chaparro, S. V., & Jiménez, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47124-6 · Cited by 4
Clinical epidemiology of COVID ‐19 in people of black ethnicity living with HIV in the UK
Ottaway, Z. V., Campbell, L. J., Cechin, L., Patel, N., Fox, J., Burns, F. M., Hamzah, L., Kegg, S., Rosenvinge, M., Schoeman, S., et al. (2024) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.13611 · Cited by 4
“The reasons for such disparity remain poorly understood; an interplay between socioeconomic, cultural and behavioural differences and biological vulnerabilities probably contributed to the increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease [3].”
BackgroundThe Influence of HLA Polymorphisms on the Severity of COVID-19 in the Romanian Population
Vică, M. L., Dobreanu, M., Curocichin, G., Matei, H. V., Bâlici, Ș., Vușcan, M. E., Chiorean, A.-D., Nicula, G. Z., Mironescu, D. C. P., Leucuta, D., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25021326 · Cited by 4
“During the pandemic, variations were observed in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases not only between countries but also within different regions of the same country [5].”
BackgroundThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak Highlights the Importance of Sex-sensitive Medicine
Maas, A. H. E. M., & Oertelt‐Prigione, S. (2020) · European Cardiology Review · doi:10.15420/ecr.2020.28 · Cited by 4
Gender/sex, race/ethnicity, similarities/differences among SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19 patients
Ha, F., John, A. A., & Zumwalt, M. A. (2021) · The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles · doi:10.12746/swrccc.v9i37.795 · Cited by 4
“People of different ethnic backgrounds are vastly different in their ways of life, ranging from social behaviors to habits/ diets and health risks.(36) This predisposes certain ethnic groups and races to poor disease outcomes in the setting of underlying comorbidity prevalence.”
BackgroundClough, H. E., McIntyre, K. M., Patterson, G. E., Harris, J. P., & Rushton, J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044707 · Cited by 4
COVID-19 lessons learned: public health research should be integrated into medical school curricula
Mahayosnand, P. P., Ahmed, S., Bermejo, D. M., & Sabra, Z. (2024) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.77594 · Cited by 3
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“Although our society as a whole was affected by the epidemic, the infection rate disparity among different socio-demographic groups is well documented (Chowkwanyun and Reed 2020, Garg et al. 2020, Hardy and Logan 2020, Pareek et al. 2020, Van Dorn et al. 2020, Yancy 2020).”
BackgroundTibble, H., Alyami, R. A., Bush, A., Cunningham, S., Julious, S. A., Price, D. B., Quint, J. K., Turner, S., Wang, K., Wilson, A. M., et al. (2025) · BMJ Health & Care Informatics · doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2024-101134 · Cited by 3
“30 Lack of negative information There is often an absence of negative information, for example observing that a patient is not experiencing a specific symptom.”
Jones, C., Rotherham, H., Udy, A. A., Neto, A. S., Chaves, N. J., Campbell, L. T., Brown, A. D. H., Ibrahim, A., & Burrell, A. J. C. (2025) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2025.101228 · Cited by 3
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“Similar results have been obtained from studies outside the United Kingdom, with a reduced LBR after fresh embryo transfer noted amongst Asian, Black Afro-Caribbean and Hispanic ethnic groups (Jayaprakasan et al., 2014; Purcell et al., 2007; Seifer et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultKaim, A., & Saban, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11070933 · Cited by 3
“Structural barriers to healthcare in Israel include costs, transportation difficulties, and language barriers [34].”
Are clinical outcomes from COVID-19 improving in ethnic minority groups?
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A compendium answering over 140 questions on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2Preprint
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“Does ethnicity influence the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Data on ethnicity and COVID-19 are scarce and further research on ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes is needed.(225) However, the data available show a disproportionate number of COVID-19 deaths in Black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds.”
Pant, R. R., Bahadur, B. B., Bishwakarma, K., Paudel, S., Pandey, N., Adhikari, S. K., & Ranabhat, K. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-54139/v1 · Cited by 3
“Ethnicity is another key player for increased risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection, for instance, studies have revealed that the Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals are more prone and worsen clinical complications from COVID-19 compared to White individuals [46-48].”
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Saban, M., Myers, V., Peretz, G., Avni, S., Luxenburg, O., & Wilf-Miron, R. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-146002/v1 · Cited by 3
Willingness of the UK Public to Volunteer for Testing in Relation to the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Vandrevala, T., Montague, A., Terry, P., & Fielder, M. D. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3675401 · Cited by 3
What Factors Make a Community More Vulnerable to COVID-19? A summary of a British Academy workshop
Abrams, D., Hand, D. J., Heath, A., Nazroo, J. Y., Richards, L., Karlsen, S., Mills, M., & Roberts, C. A. (2020) · doi:10.5871/bac19stf/9780856726521.001 · Cited by 3
Socioeconomic Disparities and COVID-19: The Causal ConnectionsPreprint
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The Politics of Life and Death in the Time of COVID-19
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Disparities between Latinx migrants and Spanish natives in COVID-19 outcome in Madrid
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“As an example, black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) in the US face greater risks of severe illness, hospitalization, and death related to COVID-19 (CDC, 2021; Pareek et al., 2020).”
Liu, C., Holme, P., Lehmann, S., Yang, W., & Lu, X. B. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/55013 · Cited by 4
“Further, different contact rates across age groups have been observed in COVID-19 incidence cases [21], and higher COVID-19 infection rates among disadvantaged racial and socioeconomic groups have been observed in multiple studies [22,23].”
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The Effect of Covid-19 on the Information and Technology Companies in the USA
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Language and Acculturation: Neuropsychological Sequalae of COVID-19 in Indian Americans
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Transmission, Stability, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Management of COVID 19
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Evolution of COVID-19 Patients in Mexico City Using Markov Chains
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“Understanding the relative importance of ethnicity-related factors will require both qualitative (behavioral response to pandemic) and quantitative (absolute risks and outcomes) prospective studies [4].”
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Riley, P. A. (2020) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2020.31.005166 · Cited by 2
Resuming cataract surgery in a high-risk COVID-19 population
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“There is an increased prevalence of comorbidities, urban living, overcrowded households, lower socioeconomic status, and proportion in key worker roles in BAME groups vs white ethnicity, all of which are potential contributing factors.(27-29) The lack of association between ethnicity and odds of mortality in our study…”
ResultReturning to clinics amidst COVID‐19: A student response to Compton et al
Blaaza, M., Akhtar, H. N., & Tanzim, U. (2020) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14282 · Cited by 2
Structural racism remains a primary public health risk amidst COVID and beyond in the United Kingdom
Clementi, R. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa102 · Cited by 2
Willingness of the UK public to volunteer for testing in relation to the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
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“These fi ndings are expected because earlier studies [25].”
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“What first must be considered is that what is now recognized as long COVID is, in fact, a collection of different syndromes, according to a review conducted by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) in the UK (Pareek et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChaloner, J., Qureshi, I., Gogoi, M., Ekezie, W. C., Al‐Oraibi, A., Wobi, F., Agbonmwandolor, J. O., Nellums, L. B., & Pareek, M. (2023) · European Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.18332/ejm/171802 · Cited by 1
“determinants of health affecting these populations 9,10 .”
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“…existing comorbidities in Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC) individuals such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases [9,10] and other factors such as occupation and household composition [11] increases the risk of severe disease and mortality due to COVID-19 compared…”
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Socio-Economic Aspects of Work and the Labour Market in Four Roma Communities in Romania
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Analysis of KIR and HLA polymorphism in Chinese individuals with COVID-19
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Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in people of Black ethnicities living with HIV in the United Kingdom
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“Our results showing that incomplete recovery from COVID-19 was characterized by general functional impairments and (generally mild) frailty are consistent with previous reports 48,49 .”
Exploring Ethnicity in Hospital Patients with COVID-19 in South London
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Pola Penyebaran Infeksi Covid-19 di Provinsi Papua Tahun 2020
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Populations at Special Health Risk: Men
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“As more information emerged about disproportionate cases of COVID-19 and poor health outcomes in Black and Asian communities in England, researchers began to also investigate early warning signs that some social or ethnic communities were more vulnerable than others [34,45].”
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“14 However, because ethnicity is a complex entity composed of social constructs, cultural identity, genetic make-up, and behavioral patterns, 15 it might be di�cult to conclude the association between ethnicity and disease outcome.”
BackgroundThe Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Pregnancy
Chakravorty, T. A. (2020) · Sushruta Journal of Health Policy & Opinions · doi:10.38192/14.1.2
Coping with COVID-19: The Role of Religion in Times of Crisis
Ramsay, J. E. (2020) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789811230059_0007
“Many journalists and medical professionals have highlighted the disproportionately high mortality rates among ethnic minorities in several nations (Pareek et al., 2020), while others have decried the severity of the psychological impact that social distancing has had on individuals struggling with mental health issues…”
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Ikeda, T., Horio, F., Nakayama, Y., & Uchida, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-669715/v1
“However, with the COVID-19 global pandemic since March 11, 2020 [1, 2], viral transmission via droplet, contact, and aerosol infections were reportedly the cause of person-to-person spreading [3, 4].”
BackgroundTawiah, P. A., Kingsley, A.-W., Oppong, K., Nii, T. B., Konadu, P. E., & Albert, A.-Y. (2021) · Annals of Antivirals and Antiretrovirals · doi:10.17352/aaa.000012
Antecedents of individual safety behavior during the pandemic timesPreprint
Kayani, Z. K., Fatima, T., Ramayah, T., Awan, T. M., & Khan, R. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-892477/v1
Risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Calenici, E. (2021) · The Moldovan Medical Journal · doi:10.52418/moldovan-med-j.64-3.21.11
Chapter 5. Variation and change in LIS
(2022) · Gesture studies · doi:10.1075/gs.9.c5
Chapter 4. Constructing sentences
(2022) · Gesture studies · doi:10.1075/gs.9.c4
Chapter 3. The basic units of LIS
(2022) · Gesture studies · doi:10.1075/gs.9.c3
COVID-19 mortality rates in South America related to environmental factors
Rizzo, L. V., Urrutia‐Pereira, M., Chong‐Neto, H. J., Rosário, N. E., Badellino, H., LLosa, O. M. C., Larco, J. I., Calvo, M. A., & Solé, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.1080/00207233.2022.2052536
“A limitation of the regression analysis is that there may be other factors that could affect the spread and severity of the COVID-19 cases, such as access to health care, ethnicity, cultural behaviour, genetic characteristics and other comorbidities [90–92].”
BackgroundSocioeconomic variations in rates of hospitalisation and mortality from COVID-19 in England
Gharaibeh, S., & Zarei, M. H. (2022) · British Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.12968/bjhc.2022.0001
Information networks for COVID-19 according to race/ethnicity
Yum, S. (2022) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-022-00360-0
“On the other hand, scholars report that COVID-19 exerts a different impact on people according to the race/ethnicity (see [2, 3, 23, 32],Raifman et al.”
BackgroundCoronaviruses Research in BRICS Countries
Fielding, B. C., & Schäfer, G. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-4027-6
Examining the Snags of Access to Covid-19 Information among the Deaf Community in Ghana
Issaka, C. A., Alhassan, M., & Abu, F. I. (2022) · International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science · doi:10.47772/ijriss.2022.6430
Metadata
- Authors
- Pareek, M., Bangash, M. N., Pareek, N., Pan, D., Sze, S., Minhas, J. S., Hanif, W., & Khunti, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pareek, Manish
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 395
- Issue
- 10234
- Pages
- 1421-1422
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC7173801
- OpenAlex
- W3017361683
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 165
- FWCI
- 12.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, ethnicity, racial disparities, mortality, intensive care unit admission, risk factors, clinical outcomes, cardiometabolic comorbidities, smoking, age and sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Ethnicity, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, Research, Social Behavior, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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