Racism, the public health crisis we can no longer ignore

Is Racism a Fundamental Cause of Inequalities in Health?

Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112305 · Cited by 1,363

Understanding associations among race, socioeconomic status, and health: Patterns and prospects.

Williams, D. R., Priest, N., & Anderson, N. B. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000242 · Cited by 1,147

Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex

Edwards, F., Lee, H., & Esposito, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1821204116 · Cited by 916

Intimate Partner Violence and Its Health Impact on Ethnic Minority Women

Stockman, J. K., Hayashi, H. D., & Campbell, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.4879 · Cited by 420

Measures of racism, sexism, heterosexism, and gender binarism for health equity research: from structural injustice to embodied harm—An ecosocial analysis

Krieger, N. (2020) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094017 · Cited by 411

Are some ethnic groups more vulnerable to COVID-19 than others?

Warwick, R., & Platt, L. (2020) · doi:10.1920/bn.ifs.2020.idrbn2 · Cited by 203

A longitudinal examination of maternal, family, and area-level experiences of racism on children's socioemotional development: Patterns and possible explanations

Bécares, L., Nazroo, J. Y., & Kelly, Y. J. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.025 · Cited by 123

Visualizing Health Equity: Qualitative Perspectives on the Value and Limits of Equity Images

Willen, S. S., Walsh, C. C., & Williamson, A. F. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198121994520 · Cited by 4

Effects of racism and discrimination on mental health problems among young people in Victoria, Australia during COVID-19 lockdownPreprint

Doery, K., Jones, R., O’Connor, M., Olsson, C. A., Guo, S., Harriott, L., Guerra, C., & Priest, N. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/34mpn · Cited by 4

Invisible Youths? Future Health and Social Care Challenges of Unaccompanied Minor Migrants in Spain

Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Fernandez, M. F., Rueda, M. J., & Aparicio, L. (2025) · IMISCOE research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82352-7_5 · Cited by 3

Leading Through the Fire: Responding to Racism in K-12 Schools

Bridgeforth, J. (2025) · Journal of Research on Leadership Education · doi:10.1177/19427751251341299 · Cited by 3

Say Her Name: Resistance, Race Riots, and a Bioarchaeology of Black Life in New York City

Lans, A. M. (2024) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s41636-024-00504-9 · Cited by 3

Effects of racial discrimination tasks on salivary cortisol reactivity among racially minoritized groups: A meta-analysis

Obomsawin, A., Pejic, S. R., & Koziol, C. (2025) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105775 · Cited by 3

An evolutionary perspective on social inequality and health disparities

Wells, J. C. K. (2023) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoad026 · Cited by 7

Helping Us Grow Stronger (HUGS)/Abrazos: a community-based initiative improved perinatal mental health in an urban cohort

Siegel, M., Simione, M., James, K. E., Perkins, M. E., Luo, M., Swift, H., Kim, J. M., Jasset, O. J., Shook, L. L., Taveras, E. M., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101264 · Cited by 3

Fair or biased? A corpus-based study of Australia’s early COVID-19 media representation of China

Xia, Y., Huan, C., & Marrugo, A. G. (2024) · Social Semiotics · doi:10.1080/10350330.2024.2341394 · Cited by 3

Black Lives Matter: tackling racial and ethnic inequalities in diabetes health care

Seewoodhary, J. (2021) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.2338 · Cited by 4

Sickle Cell Disease Care Planning for School Nurses

Morse, B. L., Carmichael, A. E., Bradford, V. A., & Pollard, A. L. (2021) · NASN School Nurse · doi:10.1177/1942602x211025079 · Cited by 3

Editorial commentary: public mental health and racism in Europe

Cloos, P., & Bilsen, J. J. R. (2021) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00722-0 · Cited by 3

Mobilizing health equity through Computable Biomedical Knowledge (CBK): a call to action to the library, information sciences, and health informatics communities

Allee, N. J., Perry, G., Rios, G. R., Rubin, J. C., Subbian, V., Swain, D. E., & Wheeler, T. R. (2024) · Journal of the Medical Library Association JMLA · doi:10.5195/jmla.2024.1836 · Cited by 2

Predictors of Patient Return to a Tertiary Neurofibromatosis Subspecialty Clinic

Rosen, K. L., Cobb, O. M., Gavney, D., Morris, S. M., & Gutmann, D. H. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.05.007 · Cited by 2

#InclusiveDietetics

Burt, K. G., DeBiasse, M. A., Qamar, Z., & Fera, J. (2023) · Journal of Critical Dietetics · doi:10.32920/cd.v6i3.1672 · Cited by 2

TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECT OF MOTHERS’ EXPERIENCES OF DISCRIMINATION ON BLACK YOUTHS’ HORMONE COUPLING IN RESPONSE TO LABORATORY STRESS

Moody, S. N., Phan, J., Shirtcliff, E. A., Wang, W., Drury, S. S., & Theall, K. P. (2023) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2023.2215130 · Cited by 2

Study protocol for transforming health equity research in integrated primary care: Antiracism as a disruptive innovation

Naar, S., Pettus‐Davis, C., Anderson, N. B., Pooler-Burgess, M., Ralston, P. A., Flynn, H. A., Combs, T., Baquet, C. R., Schatschneider, C. W., & Luke, D. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306185 · Cited by 2

Evaluation of simulation-based intervention for implicit bias mitigation: A response to systemic racism

Dahlen, B., McGraw, R., & Vora, S. (2024) · Clinical Simulation in Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ecns.2024.101596 · Cited by 3

To what extent could eliminating racial discrimination reduce inequities in mental health and sleep problems among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children? A causal mediation study

Priest, N., Guo, S., Wijesuriya, R., Chamberlain, C., Smith, R., Davis, S., Mohamed, J., & Moreno‐Betancur, M. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101196 · Cited by 2

Racial discrimination and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander suicide mortality rates in Queensland

Gibson, M., Leske, S., Ward, R., Rachow, A., & Kõlves, K. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02786-z · Cited by 2

Racism and ethnic discrimination among Indigenous Arctic populations: methods, data, definitions. A scoping review

Poggats, T., & Axelsson, P. (2025) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2025.2459766 · Cited by 3

Health Effects of Interpersonal and Structural Discrimination on Minority Groups in Europe

Mitchell, J., & Parra‐Casado, D. L. (2025) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.70054 · Cited by 2

International Learning Initiative Part 2: Enhancing Antiracism Awareness Among Nursing Students in Sweden and the USA

Odzakovic, E., Raphael‐Grimm, T., Falck, J., Hamed, S., Lindblom, J., Huus, K., & Björk, M. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.70067 · Cited by 2

We Got Us

Troutman, A. C., Smith, T. C., Williams, C., Lane, D. R., & Leonard, K. (2022) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3819-0.ch005 · Cited by 2

Evaluating and volunteering for crowdsourced interventions: Cross-sectional data on COVID-19 safety from a University Survey

Day, S., Hlatshwako, T. G., Lloyd, A., Han, L., Tang, W., Bayus, B. L., & Tucker, J. D. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275127 · Cited by 2

Patient Perceptions of their COVID-19 Inpatient Hospital Experience: a Survey Exploring Inequities in Healthcare Delivery

Oppelt, T. F., Polsonetti, B., Caron, M. F., Collins-Carriveau, C., Fischer, N., Gofman, L., & Ghazipura, M. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01454-9 · Cited by 2

Learning to Action: Finding Your Anti-Racism and Equity Lens

Oddiri, U., Kas‐Osoka, O., & White, S. L. (2023) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-061099 · Cited by 2

What does the demographic profile of convicts tell us about social equity in India?

Mukhopadhyay, P., Desouza, S., & Lolayekar, A. P. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288127 · Cited by 1

A Federally Qualified Health Center-led Ethics & Equity Framework & Workflow Checklist: An Invited Commentary in Response to a Relational Public Health Framing of FQHCs During COVID-19

Torres, C. H., Kassis, S. B., Sayeed, S., Bierer, B. E., & Emmons, K. M. (2024) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1017/jme.2024.73 · Cited by 1

Reimagining the CARE in Systems to Combat the Pediatric Mental Health Crisis in America

Gordon-Achebe, K., Legha, R. K., Durham, M. P., Hamilton, A. T., Praylow, T., & Fortuna, L. R. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2024.05.003 · Cited by 1

Circular economy, methane capture, and climate education in US HEIs

Mullis, C. S., & Finley‐Brook, M. (2024) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/ijshe-01-2024-0027 · Cited by 1

Unlearning clubs: creating environments of cultural safety, anti-racism, and trustworthiness in population and public health

Hendry, J., Guercio, G. D., Smith, D. B., Louie, A., Henry, B., & Jongbloed, K. A. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22034-6 · Cited by 1

A human rights approach to preventing racial discrimination in health care

Balcerzak, M., & Michałkiewicz-Kądziela, E. (2025) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.25.293305 · Cited by 1

Tweeples’ concerns during the early phase of COVID-19 Pandemic – Lessons for the future public health communications: A Twitter-based mixed methods study

Sonekar, H., Ilangovan, K., Barani, S., Muthappan, S., Sockalingam, G., Mathiyazhakan, M., & Ponnaiah, M. (2025) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1556_24 · Cited by 1

Using a metaphor of baskets and copper pots to identify “what work, whose work” in truth, rights, responsibilities, and reconciliation in public health

Smith, D. B., Chenery, J., Dove, N., & Jongbloed, K. A. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-025-01116-3 · Cited by 1

“Getting rid of systemic racism:” youth of color critical reflections and identified strategies during the twin pandemics

Gast, M. J., Bloomer, R., & Brown, A. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1626074 · Cited by 1

It affects everything: A national study exploring racism and wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

Ngampromwongse, K., Gall, A., Garvey, G., Howard, K., & Anderson, K. M. (2026) · First Nations Health and Wellbeing - The Lowitja Journal · doi:10.1016/j.fnhli.2026.100124 · Cited by 1

Resilience and Its Limits: The Roles of Individual Resilience, Social Capital, Racial Discrimination, and Binge Drinking on Sexual Behavior Among Black Heterosexual Men

Vincent, W., del Río‐González, A. M., Neilands, T. B., & Bowleg, L. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02488-0 · Cited by 3

What Got You through Lockdown?

Gerrand, V., Lam, K., Magee, L., Nilan, P., Walimunige, H., & Cao, D. (2023) · M/C Journal · doi:10.5204/mcj.2991 · Cited by 1

Understanding the inclusion and participation of adults from Black African Diaspora Communities (BAFDC) in health and care research in the UK: a realist review protocol

Hoverd, E., Effiom, V., Gravesande, D., Hollowood, L., Kelly, T., Mukuka, E., Owatemi, T., Sargeant, I., Ward, S., Spencer, R. A., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082564 · Cited by 1

Leveraging Patient Advocacy and Faith-Based Partnerships to Educate, Activate, and Prepare Black Communities to Be Screened for Lung Cancer

Lloyd, S. J., Levy, K., Boyd, A. S., & Fathi, J. T. (2024) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2024.11.030 · Cited by 1

An Examination of History for Promoting Diversity in Neuroscience

Theard, M. (2021) · Current Anesthesiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40140-021-00464-3 · Cited by 2

Promoting proactive bystander responses to racism and racial discrimination in primary schools: A mixed methods feasibility and acceptability study of the ‘Speak Out Against Racism’ programPreprint

Priest, N., Alam, O., Truong, M., Sharples, R., Nelson, J. K., Dunn, K. M., Francis, K. L., Paradies, Y., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2020) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/enwaq · Cited by 1

The Color of Child Protection in America: Antiracism & Abolition in Child Mental HealthPreprint

Legha, R. K., & Gordon-Achebe, K. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/952sv · Cited by 1

The Caring Class

Duijs, S. E. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.55 · Cited by 1

Ethical Guidelines for Antiracism in Medicine Work: Lessons from the Antiracist Healing CollaborativePreprint

Legha, R. K., & Mabeza, R. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/89pgr · Cited by 1

Addressing racism and its health impacts on children and young people: Research Summary

VicHealth (2021) · doi:10.37309/2021.mw1027a · Cited by 1

To What Extent Could Eliminating Racial Discrimination Reduce Inequities in Mental Health and Sleep Problems Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children?Preprint

Priest, N., Guo, S., Wijesuriya, R., Chamberlain, C., Smith, R., Kija), S. D. (., Thurber, K., Mohamed, J., & Moreno‐Betancur, M. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4771385 · Cited by 1

Toward Anti-Racism in Canadian Psychology: A Call to Action from the Future of the FieldPreprint

Abdel-Baki, R., Collaton, J., Courtice, E. L., Gayfer, B., Lee, S., Linares, N. F. N., Mukunzi, J. N., Muyingo, L., Sanchez, T., Sharif, N., et al. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hw85t · Cited by 1

Fixing racism: out of the corner of one’s eye

Danquah, A., & Elton, C. (2021) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp21x715913

Too scared to watch: Social justice and medicine

Barriteau, C. M. (2021) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.29207

Análise espacial da mortalidade por homicídios na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo no período de 2007 a 2013

de Almeida, A. B. (2021) · doi:10.11606/t.6.2021.tde-01042022-140538

Maternal Mental Health Awareness

Rochin, E. (2021) · Neonatology Today · doi:10.51362/neonatology.today/202141644244

Hidden Enemy for Healthy Urban Life

Mohebbi, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_7-1

Hidden Enemy for Healthy Urban Life

Mohebbi, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_7-2

Public health contagion of white supremacy: examining the pipeline of attitudes about racism and racial history education among high school students.

Jackson, T. (2022) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3810

Applying a disaster recovery framework to racism as a public health crisis: From theory to practice

Oberly, T. (2022) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2022.2139712

Hidden Enemy for Healthy Urban Life

Mohebbi, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87745-3_7

Ethical guidelines for antiracism work in medicine: lessons from the antiracist healing collaborative

Legha, R. K., & Mabeza, R. M. (2023) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2023-012761

Development of an Interprofessional Competency Course Across Multiple Health Professions

Bates, D., Bell, K., Corvus, T. M., Fryer, M., Sarmiento, M., Kawaguchi, J. K., & Moore, J. (2023) · Athletic Training Education Journal · doi:10.4085/1947-380x-22-057

Contextualizing the Effects of Stress on Cognitive Health in U.S. Latinx Adults

Muñoz, E., & Choi, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48809-2_5

The relationship between self-rated health and subsequent health outcomes over the decades among older Individuals in the United States

Wong, S. J. K. (2023) · doi:10.32657/10356/173234

DEVELOPMENT OF THE XENOPHOBIA IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY (XHCD) SCALE

Tekin, Ö. F., Arık, E., & Arıkan, İ. (2024) · Eskişehir Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Halk Sağlığı Dergisi · doi:10.35232/estudamhsd.1473351

Racism, Stigma, and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Chae, D. H., Chung, K. W., Cunningham, D. J., Martz, C. D., & Cunningham, M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197625217.003.0005

Racism in the novel “Dear Martin” by Nic Stone based on the perspective of W.E.B. Du Bois

Basid, A., Syahril, M., Zawawi, M., & Masrokhin (2023) · KEMBARA Journal of Scientific Language Literature and Teaching · doi:10.22219/kembara.v9i2.25872

Appel à l’arrêt de la recherche d’extraction de données dans le domaine des soins de santé menée sur la diaspora sud-asiatique au Canada

Agarwal, G., Banerjee, A., & Brar, J. (2024) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.231189-f

Clinical Considerations around the Development of Asian Boys and Mental Health Outcomes

Lee, J., & Afzal, K. I. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2025.05.004

Unmasking Monocultures: Epistemic Injustice and the Crisis of Plurality in South Asia.Preprint

Kadel, A. (2025) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/vdktx_v1

Combating Racism: Effects of a Longitudinal Community-Based Curriculum at the Graduate Medical Level

Mann, H., Szoko, N., Torres, O. A., Ufomata, E. O., & Merriam, S. B. (2025) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000001907

Supporting ethnic minority caregivers and patients in cancer trajectories: A systematic review of supportive interventions

Pii, K. H., Lundh, M. H., Dieperink, K. B., Nielsen, D. S., Christoffersen, N., & Piil, K. (2025) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2025.103075

Additional file 1 of Racism against racialized migrants in healthcare in Europe: a scoping review

Pattillo, M., Stieglitz, S., Angoumis, K., & Gottlieb, N. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24217353

Additional file 2 of Racism against racialized migrants in healthcare in Europe: a scoping review

Pattillo, M., Stieglitz, S., Angoumis, K., & Gottlieb, N. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24217656

Impact of racism on Asian Australians' sense of belonging during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ballantyne, G. (2026) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2025.2608832

The health consequences of antisemitism (Does antisemitism get under the skin?): A systematic review protocol

Morstead, T., Pawliuk, C., Alati, E., Cohen‐Eilig, M., DeLongis, A., & Oberlander, T. F. (2026) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2026.103942

‘We’re just not even on the map': Black women’s experiences of adult ADHD diagnosis and care in the United Kingdom

Gibbs, A. A., Isebor, V., Thomas, L., & Morgan, J. (2026) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2026.2664479 · Cited by 1

The racial trauma task force: Clinical‐community psychology approaches to healing racial trauma during COVID‐19

Metzger, I. W., Adams, S. J., Smith, K., Barrie, D. L. L., Surprenant, B., Bartolomeo, L. A., Rea, K. E., Nguyen, J., Brown, J., Brown, C., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.70072

Energy poverty among the “invisible minority”: Lived experiences of energy injustice and renewable energy among Irish Travellers

Rio, D. D. F. D., Sovacool, B. K., & Fish, A. (2026) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2026.104696

Racial and/or ethnic disparities in women’s health

Hooper, M. W., Dinwiddie, G. Y., & Marshall, V. J. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45863-7.00006-8

“We Protect Us:” Immigration Enforcement Campaigns as a Public Health Crisis in Minneapolis

Vitale, L. (2026) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-026-01946-4

Racialization and Belonging: A Critical and Empirical Analysis of Hispanic Discrimination in Everyday Life

Guo, C., Kausar, K., & Rizzo, J. A. (2026) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.66815/ejecs/2809

Structural Surveillance as a Health Determinant: Mandated Reporting, Medical Practices, and Black Familial Health

Wright, K. C., Rollins, T., & Simmons‐Horton, S. Y. (2026) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci15100705

Racism as Legal Pandemic: Thoughts on Critical Legal Pedagogies

Adebisi, F. I., & Jivraj, S. (2021) · Bristol University Press eBooks · doi:10.56687/9781529218947-010

Systemic racism in global health: a personal reflection

Olusanya, B. O. (2021) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00147-9 · Cited by 12

Structural racism remains a primary public health risk amidst COVID and beyond in the United Kingdom

Clementi, R. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa102 · Cited by 2

Racism, xenophobia, and discrimination: mapping pathways to health outcomes

Selvarajah, S., Maioli, S. C., Deivanayagam, T. A., Sato, P. D. M., Devakumar, D., Kim, S., Wells, J. C. K., Yoseph, M., Abubakar, I. I., & Paradies, Y. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02484-9 · Cited by 163

Racism: A Public Health Crisis

Acosta, K. L. (2020) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12518 · Cited by 8