Implantation of Lactobacillus casei var rhamnosus into vagina
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Topical application of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the vagina restores the vaginal ecosystem by the seventh week after application.
“in the case of Lactobacillus rhamnosus , its topical application in the vagina allows this population to restore the vaginal ecosystem during the 7th weeks post application [51, 47-65].”
Clinical trials have shown that the topical symbiotic approach is effective in decreasing recurrence rates.
“Clinical trials published in recent years have shown that this topical symbiotic approach is effective in decreasing the recurrence rates [47-65].”
A long-term course of vaginal lactobacilli application with a vaginal symbiotic is effective in bacterial vaginosis prevention, highlighting the central role of the combination of probiotics and prebiotic.
“As mentioned in several studies, the results obtained using 'a long-term course' of vaginal lactobacilli application in BV prevention with a vaginal symbiotic also highlight the central role of the combination of probiotics and prebiotic [47-65].”
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Potential Uses of Probiotics in Clinical Practice
Reid, G., Jaß, J., Sebulsky, M. T., & McCormick, J. K. (2003) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.16.4.658-672.2003 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
“fermentum RC14, are able to remain in the vagina for several months after insertion (18, 118).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOral probiotics can resolve urogenital infections
Reid, G., Bruce, A. W., Fraser, N., Heinemann, C., Owen, J., & Henning, B. (2001) · FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0928-8244(00)00233-9 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
“Keywords: Probiotics; Urogenital ; Bacterial vaginosis ; Infection”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe Scientific Basis for Probiotic Strains of Lactobacillus
Reid, G. (1999) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.65.9.3763-3766.1999 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“fermentum B-54, an isolate almost identical to RC-14, have shown that the vaginal microflora can be restored and the incidence of UTI be significantly reduced, following local instillation in a milk-based suspension (4) and in an encapsulated freeze-dried state (5, 32, 35).”
BackgroundSelf-citationProbiotic agents to protect the urogenital tract against infection
Reid, G. (2001) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.437s · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationNonantibiotic prevention and management of recurrent urinary tract infection
Sihra, N., Goodman, A. L., Zakri, R. H., Sahai, A., & Malde, S. (2018) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-018-0106-x · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Anukam, K. C., Osazuwa, E., Osemene, G. I., Ehigiagbe, F., Bruce, A. W., & Reid, G. (2006) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2006.08.008 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationProbiotics for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a review
Falagas, M. E. (2006) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkl246 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“Reid et al.26 conducted a randomized trial in 64 healthy women in the age range 19–46 years without any urogenital infections in the year prior to the study.”
BackgroundInfluentialÇağlar, E., Sandalli, N., Twetman, S., Kavaloglu, S., Ergeneli, S., & Selvi, S. (2005) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016350510020070 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“Whether the present reduction was due to competitive inhibition, similar to demonstrated events in the vaginal and intestinal mucosa [15], is not clear.”
ResultOsset, J., Bartolomé, R. M., García, E., & Andreu, A. (2001) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/318070 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“Studies to evaluate the probiotic capacity of Lactobacillus administered by the vaginal route have been carried out in women with urinary tract infection [26–29].”
BackgroundCharteris, W. P., Kelly, P., Morelli, L., & Collins, J. (1997) · Journal of food microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01222-6 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Vaginal Microbiota and the Use of Probiotics
Cribby, S., Taylor, M., & Reid, G. (2008) · Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1155/2008/256490 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“reuteri (formerly fermentum) RC-14 have been found to be detectable for three weeks or more, depending on the host [74, 75].”
BackgroundSelf-citationManaging recurrent bacterial vaginosis
Wilson, J. (2004) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2002.002733 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“…and increase before disappearance of LB + , and that BV may develop in some women despite the presence of hydrogen peroxide producing LB. 15 This suggestion is supported by another study of women with BV where 33% had LB present at days 1–5 of the menstrual cycle, rising to 54% at days 19–24.”
BackgroundResultVaginal microbiota and its role in HIV transmission and infection
Petrova, M., van den Broek, M., Balzarini, J. M., Vanderleyden, J., & Lebeer, S. (2013) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12029 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 can colonize the vagina (Reid et al., 1994; Gardiner et al., 2002) and the intestine (Reid et al.”
BackgroundSelection ofLactobacillusStrains for Urogenital Probiotic Applications
Reid, G., & Bruce, A. W. (2001) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/318841 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationKoumans, E. H. A., Markowitz, L. E., Hogan, V. K., & the CDC BV Working Group (2002) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/342103 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Probiotics for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women
Falagas, M. E., Betsi, G. I., Tokas, T., & Athanasiou, S. (2006) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200666090-00007 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Palma, E., Recine, N., Domenici, L., Giorgini, M., Pierangeli, A., & Panici, P. B. (2018) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2938-z · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Gardiner, G. E., Heinemann, C., Bruce, A. W., Beuerman, D., & Reid, G. (2002) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cdli.9.1.92-96.2002 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Molecular biology-based methods have also been used for identification of these strains, with ribotyping used to identify GR-1 in the vagina of one patient following vaginal instillation ( 22 ) and to detect RC-14 and GR-1 vaginally following oral administration (20).”
MethodSelf-citationCopur, G., Arslan, M., Duru, M., Baylan, M., Canogullari, S., & Aksan, E. (2010) · doi:10.4314/ajb.v9i17 · Cited by 107
“nisms (Reid et al., 1999; Elmer et al., 1996; Holzapfel and Schillinger, 2002; Helland et al., 2004).”
BackgroundAbad, C. L. R., & Safdar, N. (2009) · Journal of Chemotherapy · doi:10.1179/joc.2009.21.3.243 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Busscher, H. J., Mulder, A. F. J. M., & van der Mei, H. C. (1999) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000016541 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“This is unlike the results on vaginal or intestinal installation of lactobacilli [Reid et al., 1994], where lactobacilli have been recovered up to weeks after initial installation.”
ResultRecine, N., Palma, E., Domenici, L., Giorgini, M., Imperiale, L., Sassu, C., Musella, A., Marchetti, C., Muzii, L., & Benedetti Panici, P. (2016) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3810-2 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Identification and plasmid profiles of Lactobacillus species from the vagina of 100 healthy women.
Reid, G., Mcgroarty, J. A., Tomeczek, L., & Bruce, A. W. (1996) · FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.1996.tb00354.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationMarcone, V., Rocca, G., Lichtner, M., & Calzolari, E. (2010) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.025 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Massi, M., Vitali, B., Federici, F., Matteuzzi, D., & Brigidi, P. (2004) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02228.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Therefore, several attempts to restore the normal vaginal flora by re-colonizing with probiotic lactobacilli have been carried out (Reid et al. 1994; Mastromarino et al. 2002).”
BackgroundReid, G. (2000) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/s0958-6946(00)00059-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationDeng, Q., Odhiambo, J. F., Farooq, U., Lam, T., Dunn, S. M., & Ametaj, B. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124167 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“has been administered directly in the vagina attenuating or treating symptoms of vaginal infections [27,28].”
BackgroundProbiotics: potential to prevent HIV and sexually transmitted infections in women
Bolton, M., van der Straten, A., & Cohen, C. R. (2008) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e31815b017a · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Potential preventive strategies and therapies in urinary tract infection
Reid, G. (1999) · World journal of urology · doi:10.1007/s003450050161 · Cited by 67
“Ability to resist spermicidal and other antimicrobial agents McGroarty et al. [35] Ability to coaggregate and form a normal, balanced flora Reid et al. [48] Capability to survive, grow, and multiply in a host with and without prebiotics Bruce et al. [11] Reid et al. [ 51 , 52]”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe development of probiotics for women’s health
Reid, G. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1139/cjm-2016-0733 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“…and preliminary efficacy for use of the probiotic strains to persist in the vagina for some time, improve treatment of infection, and prevent recurrence of UTI and bacterial vaginosis (Reid et al. 1994; Cadieux et al. 2002; Burton et al. 2003; Anukam et al. 2006a; Hummelen et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMillsap, K. W., Reid, G., van der Mei, H., & Busscher, H. J. (1997) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(96)00105-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationRossi, A., Rossi, T., Bertini, M., & Caccia, G. (2010) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-009-1287-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“[28] in their pioneer work and repeatedly conWrmed [22, 29, 30].”
BackgroundVerdenelli, M. C., Cecchini, C., Coman, M. M., Silvi, S., Orpianesi, C., Coata, G., Cresci, A., & Renzo, G. C. D. (2016) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-016-1085-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Yeganegi, M., Leung, C. G., Martins, A. J., Kim, S. O., Reid, G., Challis, J. R. G., & Bocking, A. D. (2010) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719110377237 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“rhamnosus GR-1 is able to populate the vagina and upregulate the host’s antimicrobial system after its intravaginal use.(24,25) L rhamnosus GR-1 supernatant stimulates release of IL-10 from human monocytes and mouse macrophages, and in turn IL-10 suppresses release of TNF-a.”
BackgroundSelf-citationYeganegi, M., Leung, C. G., Martins, A. J., Kim, S. O., Reid, G., Challis, J. R. G., & Bocking, A. D. (2010) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.085167 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In addition, several studies suggest that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 is able to populate the vagina and up-regulate the host’s antimicrobial system after intravaginal use [15, 16].”
ResultSelf-citationPapel de Lactobacillus como factor protector de la candidiasis vaginal
Osset, J., García, E., Bartolomé, R., & Andreu, A. (2001) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(01)72089-1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The role of probiotics in women's health: An update narrative review
Wu, L., Yang, T., Ou, Y., & Lin, H. (2024) · Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2023.09.018 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Urogenital Lactobacilli Probiotics, Reliability, and Regulatory Issues
Reid, G., Zalai, C. V., & Gardiner, G. E. (2001) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)70211-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Given that strains GR-1 and B-54 have been shown to colonize the vagina and reduce the risk of infection (Reid et al. 1994, 1995), the use of cell surface hydrophobicity alone to select probiotic strains does not appear to have much merit.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRole of probiotics in urogenital healthcare
Waigankar, S. S., & Patel, V. (2011) · Journal of Mid-life Health · doi:10.4103/0976-7800.83253 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Colonization of that particular strain over a sufficient period of time (maybe days or weeks) may be necessary to confer health benefits to the host.[42-45] However, longer-term colonization for months or years may not be necessary if the person’s own Lactobacilli recolonize or the exogenous therapy is re-administered.”
BackgroundLactobacillus as a probiotic for preventing urogenital infections
Andreu, A. (2004) · Reviews in Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1097/01.revmedmi.0000131423.90481.82 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“[34] reported recolonization of the vaginal epithelium and a 6-month symptom-free period.”
BackgroundSURFACE-PROPERTIES OF CATHETERS, STENTS AND BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH URINARY-TRACT INFECTIONS
Reid, G., Busscher, H., Sharma, S., Mittelman, M., & McIntyre, S. (1995) · doi:10.1016/0167-5729(94)00006-9 · Cited by 35
Self-citationLow vaginal pH and urinary-tract infection.
Reid, G., & Bruce, A. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92867-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationLactobacillus rhamnosus AD3 as a promising alternative for probiotic products
Stivala, A., Carota, G., Fuochi, V., & Furneri, P. M. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11010094 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“rhamnosus GR-1 are the most studied and they have been used successfully to treat and prevent diarrhoea and urogenital infections in women, respectively [18,19].”
BackgroundThe Role of Cranberry and Probiotics in Intestinal and Urogenital Tract Health
Reid, G. (2002) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408390209351918 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationVaginal Probiotic Administration in the Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes
Daskalakis, G. J., & Karambelas, A. K. (2016) · Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.1159/000450995 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Biotherapeutic Agents as Therapy for Vaginitis
Sobel, J. (1999) · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-711-6_10 · Cited by 27
Bacterial Interference for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection: An Overview
Darouiche, R., & Hull, R. (2000) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine (JSCM) · doi:10.1080/10790268.2000.11753521 · Cited by 26
The natural history of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
Jones, R. W. (1995) · British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10839.x · Cited by 22
“We now have the ability to select Lactobacilli possessing desirable features for colonisation and bacterial interference, but without adverse characteristics, for introduction to the vagina by the oral route or directly (Reid et al. 1994).”
BackgroundHudson, R. E., Job, K. M., Sayre, C. L., Krepkova, L. V., Sherwin, C. M. T., & Enioutina, E. Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.883216 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The single intravaginal administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 to a woman with RUTIs resulted in up to 8 weeks of survival of Lactobacillus in the vagina (Reid et al., 1994).”
BackgroundReid, G., Bialkowska-Hobrzanska, H., van der Mei, H., & Busscher, H. (1999) · doi:10.1016/s0927-7765(98)00107-6 · Cited by 20
Self-citationInterconnected microbiomes—insights and innovations in female urogenital health
Al, K. F., Parris, J., Engelbrecht, K. C., Reid, G., & Burton, J. P. (2024) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.17235 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, J. L., & Krieger, J. N. (2002) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0094-0143(02)00057-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Koscik, R., Reid, G., Kim, S., Li, W., Challis, J., & Bocking, A. (2018) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719117711259 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of lactobacilli to reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to catheters
Reid, G., & Tieszer, C. (1994) · doi:10.1016/0964-8305(95)00011-9 · Cited by 15
Self-citationProbiotics: how microorganisms compete.
Reid, G. (1996) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540010031020 · Cited by 12
Self-citationUrogenital microflora and urinary tract infections
Reid, G., & Habash, M. (1999) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3021-0_17 · Cited by 12
Self-citationBacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Relationship and Management
Bertini, M. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.69258 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Commercially Available Human Probiotic Microorganisms
Hoppe, C., Larsen, C., Fondén, R., Svensson, U., Ouwehand, A., Lahtinen, S., Kiwaki, M., Nomoto, K., Kimura, K., Eskesen, D., et al. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470432624.ch6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMaggs-Rapport, F., Kinnersley, P., & Owen, P. (1998) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00154-8 · Cited by 10
Human Studies on Probiotics and Endogenous Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Urogenital Tract
Miller, W. L., & Reid, G. (2011) · doi:10.1201/b11503-29 · Cited by 8
Self-citationColonization of the Vaginal and Urethral Mucosa
Reid, G. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817619.ch28 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBiotherapeutic Agents to Prevent Cystitis in Women
Reid, G., Smeianov, V., & Bruce, A. (1999) · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-711-6_11 · Cited by 6
Self-citation[32] Understanding urogenital biofilms and potential impact of probiotics
Reid, G., Heinemann, C., Howard, J. C., Gardiner, G. E., & Gan, B. S. (2001) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(01)36604-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationYeast probiotics fermented food products: Gut microbiome and Women health
Jayashree, B. K., CHALANNAVAR, R. K., Nandini, N., Malabadi, R. B., Kolkar, K. P., & Divakar, M. S. (2025) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2025.27.1.2523 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The vaginal microbiome is essential for the prevention of The first report to demonstrate that probiotics can be applied directly to the vagina was published in 1992 by Reid et al. [74, 76, 77-112-152].”
InfluentialReid, G. (2006) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.1080/08910600601072415 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Still, they did provide some information about characteristics of the strains, and in the case of Lactobacillus GR-1 and B-54, there was some correlation between in vitro adhesion and an ability to colonize in the vagina (21,22).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPerspective: microbial interventions in the urinary tract
Reid, G. (2023) · Microbiome Research Reports · doi:10.20517/mrr.2022.17 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationDöoderlein's bacillus: friend or foe?
Seligman, S. A. (1995) · British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10838.x · Cited by 3
“We now have the ability to select Lactobacilli possessing desirable features for colonisation and bacterial interference, but without adverse characteristics, for introduction to the vagina by the oral route or directly (Reid et al. 1994).”
BackgroundDeng, Q. (2015) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3d21rq1n · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Study on the Usage of Probiotics as a Safer Antipyretic
Shrivastava, S., & Bhatu, N. (2023) · Journal of Cellular Signaling · doi:10.33696/signaling.4.093 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“acidophilus LA14, a probiotic lactic acid bacterium, increases the beneficial bacteria in the gut, reduces opportunistic infections there, breaks down oxalates, produces bacteriocin, and improves immunological response [11-13].”
BackgroundLactic acid bacteria: microbiological and functional aspects
Saad, S. M. I. (2006) · Revista Brasileira De Ciencias Farmaceuticas · doi:10.1590/s1516-93322006000300018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Uso potencial de los probióticos
Olmeda, C., Santón, J. D. L. L., & Martínez, C. (2006) · doi:10.1016/s1134-2072(06)71417-7 · Cited by 1
Urogenital Applications of Probiotic Bacteria
Reid, G. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79058-9_27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Probiotics on Reproductive Health
Kochan, P., Strus, M., & Heczko, P. (2018) · Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1002/9781119380924.ch3
Ganguli, I., Srivastava, M., & Dagar, M. (2011) · Science Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10770-12
Probiotic Foods Today and the Future
Reid, G., Maclaim, J., Hummelen, R., Dols, J. A. M., & Miller, W. (2011) · Science Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10770-2
Self-citationFrom Bench to Bedside to Consumer: Where are the Regulatory Problems for Probiotics?
Reid, G. (2005) · doi:10.2202/1553-3840.1011
“As probiotic organisms do not tend to colonize the host for long periods of time, with some exceptions (Reid et al. 1994; Antonio et al. 2003), the belief is that the production of these substances is necessary for the time that they are in the system.”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Reid, G., Millsap, K., & Bruce, A.
- ORCID
- Reid, Gregor
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-10
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- 8931
- Pages
- 1229
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2085601105
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- vaginal probiotics, vaginal microbiota, probiotic regulation, probiotic products, human-microbe interactions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Pessaries, Vagina, Bacterial Typing Techniques, DNA Fingerprinting
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