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Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study
Abstract
Background Reliable information on causes of death is essential to the development of national and international health policies for prevention and control of disease and injury. Medically certified information is available for less than 30% of the estimated 50.5 million deaths that occur each year worldwide. However, other data sources can be used to develop cause-of-death estimates for populations. To be useful, estimates must be internally consistent, plausible, and reflect epidemiological characteristics suggested by community-level data. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) used various data sources and made corrections for miscoding of important diseases (eg, ischaemic heart disease) to estimate worldwide and regional cause-of-death.patterns in 1990 for 14 age-sex groups in eight regions, for 107 causes.Methods Preliminary estimates were developed with available vital-registration data, sample-registration data for India and China, and small-scale population-study data sources. Registration data were corrected for miscoding, and Lorenz-curve analysis was used to estimate cause-of-death patterns in areas without registration. Preliminary estimates were modified to reflect the epidemiology of selected diseases and injuries. Final estimates were checked to ensure that numbers of deaths in specific age-sex groups did not exceed estimates suggested by independent demographic methods.Findings 98% of all deaths in children younger than 15 years are in the developing world. 83% and 59% of deaths at 15-59 and 70 years, respectively, are in the developing world. The probability of death between birth and 15 years ranges from 22.0% in sub-Saharan Africa to 1.1% in the established market economies. Probabilities of death between 15 and 60 years range from 7.2% for women in established market economies to 39.1% for men in sub-Saharan Africa. The probability of a man or woman dying from a non-communicable disease is higher in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions than in established market economies. Worldwide in 1990, communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional disorders accounted for 17.2 million deaths, non-communicable diseases for 28.1 million deaths and injuries for 5.1 million deaths. The leading causes of death in 1990 were ischaemic heart disease (6.3 million deaths), cerebrovascular accidents (4.4 million deaths), lower respiratory infections (4.3 million), diarrhoeal diseases (2.9 million), perinatal disorders (2.4 million), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2.2 million), tuberculosis (2.0 million), measles (1.1 million), road-traffic accidents (1.0 million), and lung cancer (0.9 million).Interpretation Five of the ten leading killers are communicable, perinatal, and nutritional disorders largely affecting children. Non-communicable diseases are, however, already major public health challenges in all regions. Injuries, which account for 10% of global mortality, are often ignored as a major cause of death and may require innovative strategies to reduce their toll. The estimates by cause have wide Cls, but provide a foundation for a more informed debate on public-health priorities.
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Carrero, J. J., de Mutsert, R., Axelsson, J., Dekkers, O. M., Jager, K. J., Boeschoten, E. W., Krediet, R. T., Dekker, F. W., & for the NECOSAD Study Group (2010) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq386 · Cited by 69
“In the general population, women have a longer life expectancy than men [1].”
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Familial clustering of myocardial infarction in first-degree relatives: a nationwide study
Nielsen, M. R. I., Andersson, C., Gerds, T. A., Andersen, P. K., Jensen, T. B., Køber, L., Gislason, G., & Torp-Pedersen, C. T. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs475 · Cited by 69
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“Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common form of brain trauma and estimated to result in death or hospital admission for more than 10 million people annually worldwide.(1,2)”
Bautista, L. E., Oróstegui, M., Vera, L. M., Prada, G. E., Orozco, L. C., & Herrán, O. F. (2006) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000219113.40662.dd · Cited by 69
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“Cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in Western countries (12).”
BackgroundKovacs, S., Mulholland, K., den Bosch, J. H. W.-V., Campbell, H. J., Forouzanfar, M. H., Khalil, I., Lim, S. S., Liu, L., Maley, S. N., Mathers, C. D., et al. (2015) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0728-4 · Cited by 68
“Background Historically, pneumonia and diarrheal disease are the leading causes of death for children under five (U5) worldwide after neonatal causes [1-3].”
BackgroundLahariya, S., Grover, S., Bagga, S., & Sharma, A. D. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.010 · Cited by 68
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Results of the Women's Health Study of Accra: Assessment of blood pressure in urban women
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“004 recent report that ischemic heart disease and cerebral vasculfar accidents are the leading cause of worldwide mortality [2], hypertension is a major global public health crisis.”
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Nutrition policy in the Chilean transition
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“In these instances, data on the missing causes of death have to be statistically estimated [28,30,31].”
BackgroundEpidemiología de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en España
Banegas, J. R., Villar, F., Graciani, A., & Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F. (2006) · Revista Española de Cardiología Suplementos · doi:10.1016/s1131-3587(06)75324-9 · Cited by 67
Cama, R., Parashar, U. D., Taylor, D. N., Hickey, T. P., Figueroa, D., Ortega, Y. R., Romero, S. E., Perez, J., Sterling, C. R., Gentsch, J. R., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/314701 · Cited by 67
“Diarrhea causes an estimated one-third of all hospitalizations and 2.4‐2.9 million deaths per year among children !5 years of age worldwide [1, 2 ]. This tremendous disease burden underscores the need for specific interventions to prevent moderate to severe dehydration, which is an important cause of death in children…”
BackgroundInfluentialVitamins, Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Risk
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“Atherosclerosis, manifested as coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, is the biggest cause of death in the developed world [1].”
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Risk factors for child mortality in rural Tanzania
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“The most common causes of child deaths are thought to be malaria, acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea and malnutrition (Feachem & Jamieson 1991; Murray & Lopez 1997; INDEPTH 2001).”
BackgroundLipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes
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Metadata
- Authors
- Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-05
- Volume
- 349
- Issue
- 9061
- Pages
- 1269-1276
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2108361166
- Cited by
- 4,043
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 168 · 2014: 207 · 2013: 185 · 2012: 211
- FWCI
- 412.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Keywords
- causes of death, mortality estimates, global burden of disease, non-communicable diseases, infectious diseases, injuries, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory tract infection, diarrhoeal diseases, perinatal disorders, maternal disorders, nutritional disorders, developing countries, sub-Saharan Africa, vital registration data
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cause of Death, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Diarrhea, Disease, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Neoplasms, Nutrition Disorders, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Risk Factors, Global Health, Wounds and Injuries, Myocardial Ischemia, Cost of Illness, Quality-Adjusted Life Years
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