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Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study
Abstract
Background Reliable information on causes of death is essential to the development of national and international health policies for prevention and control of disease and injury. Medically certified information is available for less than 30% of the estimated 50.5 million deaths that occur each year worldwide. However, other data sources can be used to develop cause-of-death estimates for populations. To be useful, estimates must be internally consistent, plausible, and reflect epidemiological characteristics suggested by community-level data. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) used various data sources and made corrections for miscoding of important diseases (eg, ischaemic heart disease) to estimate worldwide and regional cause-of-death.patterns in 1990 for 14 age-sex groups in eight regions, for 107 causes.Methods Preliminary estimates were developed with available vital-registration data, sample-registration data for India and China, and small-scale population-study data sources. Registration data were corrected for miscoding, and Lorenz-curve analysis was used to estimate cause-of-death patterns in areas without registration. Preliminary estimates were modified to reflect the epidemiology of selected diseases and injuries. Final estimates were checked to ensure that numbers of deaths in specific age-sex groups did not exceed estimates suggested by independent demographic methods.Findings 98% of all deaths in children younger than 15 years are in the developing world. 83% and 59% of deaths at 15-59 and 70 years, respectively, are in the developing world. The probability of death between birth and 15 years ranges from 22.0% in sub-Saharan Africa to 1.1% in the established market economies. Probabilities of death between 15 and 60 years range from 7.2% for women in established market economies to 39.1% for men in sub-Saharan Africa. The probability of a man or woman dying from a non-communicable disease is higher in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions than in established market economies. Worldwide in 1990, communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional disorders accounted for 17.2 million deaths, non-communicable diseases for 28.1 million deaths and injuries for 5.1 million deaths. The leading causes of death in 1990 were ischaemic heart disease (6.3 million deaths), cerebrovascular accidents (4.4 million deaths), lower respiratory infections (4.3 million), diarrhoeal diseases (2.9 million), perinatal disorders (2.4 million), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2.2 million), tuberculosis (2.0 million), measles (1.1 million), road-traffic accidents (1.0 million), and lung cancer (0.9 million).Interpretation Five of the ten leading killers are communicable, perinatal, and nutritional disorders largely affecting children. Non-communicable diseases are, however, already major public health challenges in all regions. Injuries, which account for 10% of global mortality, are often ignored as a major cause of death and may require innovative strategies to reduce their toll. The estimates by cause have wide Cls, but provide a foundation for a more informed debate on public-health priorities.
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“... a known release rate and spatial and temporal concentration distribution of angiogenic factors and inhibitors being studied for forming dose-response curves; (2) the assay should be able to quantify the structure of the new vasculature; (3) the assay should be able to quantify the function of the new vasculature (…”
BackgroundAdjuvant interferon gamma in patients with drug – resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: a pilot study
Suárez-Méndez, R., García‐García, I., Olivera, N. F., Valdés-Quintana, M., Milanés-Virelles, M. T., Carbonell, D., Molina, D. M., Valenzuela‐Silva, C., & López-Saura, P. A. (2004) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-4-44 · Cited by 100
“Two million people die annually due to non-AIDS related TB, which is the highest number of deaths attributable to a single infectious agent [2], and corresponds to the 7th cause of death worldwide [3].”
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“economically developing countries and it is predicted that economically developing countries such as India will see the greatest increase in cardiovascular deaths over the next few decades [1–3].”
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Platelet glycoprotein Ibα Kozak polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke
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“24 (1) Large-artery disease included ischemic stroke with (a) evidence of extracranial or intracranial occlusive large artery disease (eg, Doppler or angiographic), (b) no major cardioembolic source (atrial fibrillation, recent myocardial infarction [in the past 6 weeks], endocarditis, or prosthetic heart valve), and…”
BackgroundAntennal sensilla of two female anopheline sibling species with differing host ranges
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BackgroundNitrones as neuroprotective agents in cerebral ischemia, with particular reference to NXY-059
Green, A. R., Ashwood, T. J., Odergren, T., & Jackson, D. M. (2003) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.07.003 · Cited by 98
“Stroke is the third leading cause of death in major industrialized countries (Bonita, 1992), with an incidence of f 350 per 100,000 population aged 45–89 (Murray & Lopez, 1997).”
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“Atherosclerosis is the major cause of death in developed counries [1] leading to ischemic heart and cerebrovascular disease (IHD, CVD).”
BackgroundTan, W. C., & Ng, T. P. (2008) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.07-1131 · Cited by 95
Guideline Compliance Improves Stroke Outcome
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“The following data were collected: (1) baseline characteristics: age, sex, living conditions, drug use before stroke; (2) vascular risk factors and comorbid conditions: hypertension, atrial fibrillation, previous myocardial infarction, cardiac insufficiency, TIAs, diabetes mellitus, smoking (current or past), alcohol…”
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BackgroundGenetic Risk for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke
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“Stroke is the second cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide [1,2].”
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BackgroundA Regenerative Cardiac Patch Formed by Spray Painting of Biomaterials onto the Heart
Tang, J., Vandergriff, A. C., Wang, Z., Hensley, M. T., Cores, J., Allen, T. A., Dinh, P., Zhang, J., Caranasos, T. G., & Cheng, K. (2017) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0492 · Cited by 93
“Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of death worldwide.(1) It results in cardiomyocyte loss, myocardial remodeling, and the deterioration of cardiac function, which can eventually lead to heart failure.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-05
- Volume
- 349
- Issue
- 9061
- Pages
- 1269-1276
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2108361166
- Cited by
- 4,043
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 168 · 2014: 207 · 2013: 185 · 2012: 211
- FWCI
- 412.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Keywords
- causes of death, mortality estimates, global burden of disease, non-communicable diseases, infectious diseases, injuries, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory tract infection, diarrhoeal diseases, perinatal disorders, maternal disorders, nutritional disorders, developing countries, sub-Saharan Africa, vital registration data
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cause of Death, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Diarrhea, Disease, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Neoplasms, Nutrition Disorders, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Risk Factors, Global Health, Wounds and Injuries, Myocardial Ischemia, Cost of Illness, Quality-Adjusted Life Years
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