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g is the backbone of all broad mental abilities in all age, race, sex, and national groups studied to date.
“It has provided a vast, interlocking network of evidence that g is the backbone of all broad mental abilities in all age, race, sex, and national groups studied to date”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Gottfredson, 1997
Higher levels of g confer practical advantages in many realms of life.
“that higher levels of g confer practical advantages in many realms of life”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Gottfredson, 1997
A century of research strongly supports all five evidentiary prerequisites.
“A century of research strongly supports all five.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Gottfredson, 1997
Between-groups differences in g are large and pervasive enough to have broad social significance.
“that between -groups differences in g are large and pervasive enough to have broad social significance”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Gottfredson, 1997
The weaker learning and problem-solving abilities of people in the lower part of the IQ distribution make their daily lives much more difficult and hazardous.
“The weaker learning and problem-solving abilities of people in the lower part of the IQ distribution make their daily lives much more difficult and hazardous.”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Gottfredson, 1997
IQ 80 includes about 10% of Whites and a third of Blacks in the US and the segment most at risk for multiple health and social problems, regardless of family background and material resources.
“It includes about 10% of Whites and a third of Blacks in the United States and the segment of both groups most at risk for multiple health and social problems, regardless of family background and material resources (Gottfredson, 1997, 2002).”
From What if the hereditarian hypothesis is true? (2005) · cites this paper as Gottfredson, 1997
Cites
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Egalitarian fiction and collective fraud
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Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences
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“Extensive discussion of these issues can be found in Carroll (1997), Gordon (1997), and Gottfredson (1997a).”
BackgroundLubinski, D. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.96 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“Tables 2 and 3 illustrate some results gleaned through the use of this design on 1,074 sibling pairs taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY; Gottfredson, 1997; Murray, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLubinski, D. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.405 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
“…& Humphreys 1997), income and poverty (Hunt 1995, Murray 1998), occupational performance (Hunter & Schmidt 1996, Hough 1997), social stratification (Gottfredson 1997), clinical prediction (Dawes 1994, Grove & Meehl 1996), and life-span development (Harris 1995, Holahan & Sears 1995, Rowe 1994,…”
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IQ, Academic Performance, Environment, and Earnings
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“If creativity is a way of thinking, creativity might have a hierarchical structure, similar to the idea for g as a general intellectual ability (Gottfredson, 1997).”
BackgroundMultiple hypnotizabilities: differentiating the building blocks of hypnotic response
Woody, E. Z., Barnier, A. J., & McConkey, K. M. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.200 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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“A more general definition of intelligence comes from ‘Mainstream science on intelligence’ (cited by Gottfredson, 1997 , p.”
BackgroundInfluentialExceptional Cognitive Ability: The Phenotype
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“An overwhelming amount of evidence suggests that the preponderance of criterion variance predictable by cognitive abilities in educational, occupational, and even more common everyday life settings is attributable to the general factor (Gottfredson 1997, 2004; Jensen 1998; Schmidt and Hunter 1998).”
A multidimensional adapted process model of teaching
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Meeting the Educational Needs of Special Populations
Bleske-Rechek, A. L., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00655.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Sex differential item functioning in the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices: evidence for bias
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Null Sex Differences in General Intelligence: Evidence from the WAIS-III
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Spatial Ability: A Neglected Talent in Educational and Occupational Settings
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“This general dimension, identified over 100 years ago (Spearman, 1904) and corroborated by a massive quantity of subsequent research (Carroll, 1993; Jensen, 1998), is general mental ability, the general factor, or simply g (Gottfredson, 1997).”
BackgroundWhat if the hereditarian hypothesis is true?
Gottfredson, L. S. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.311 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationLandemore, H. E. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511846427.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Is the urothelium intelligent?
Birder, L. A., Kanai, A., Cruz, F., Moore, K. H., & Fry, C. H. (2010) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.20914 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Eliminating energy poverty in Chinese households: A cognitive capability framework
Du, J., Song, M., & Xie, B. (2022) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.106 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Managerial characteristics and entrepreneurial internationalization: A study of Tunisian SMEs
Omri, W., & Bécuwe, A. (2014) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-013-0119-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cognitive epidemiology: With emphasis on untangling cognitive ability and socioeconomic status
Lubinski, D. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.09.001 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…and social science inquiry based on sex, race, age, educational level or degree, developmentally delayed, gifted, etc., without consideration of the huge range of psychological diversity found within these categories (Achter et al., 1996; Dawis, 1992; Gottfredson, 1997; Lubinski, 2000a).”
BackgroundWhat Matters Most? The Perceived Importance of Ability and Personality for Hiring Decisions
Tews, M. J., Stafford, K., & Tracey, J. (2011) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1938965510363377 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Described as the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, and learn quickly (Gottfredson 1997), GMA has been demonstrated to be the strongest predictor of employee performance.”
BackgroundCanivez, G. L., Watkins, M. W., James, T., Good, R., & James, K. (2014) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12056 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Correct Interpretation of Latent Versus Observed Abilities
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“These correlates are especially interesting because they demonstrate how individual differences in g affect outcomes peripheral to education (Gottfredson, 1997; Lubinski, 2000).”
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Self-citationComparing early design methods for children
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“General intelligence ( g ) refers to the individual capability to ‘ broadly ’ comprehend one ’ s environment and effectively plan a response (Gottfredson, 1997).”
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“” (Gottfredson, 1997; Larivée and Gagné, 2006), it is almost natural to deduce that the level of intelligence influences the governance of a nation, but the expected sign is not possible to determine a priori nor is the direction of the effect (direct or indirect).”
BackgroundThe Nature and Structure of“Intelligence”
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Cognitive abilities - a new direction in burnout research
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““ (Gottfredson, 1997b, p. 13).”
BackgroundMethodological Individualism and Vertical Integration in the Social Sciences
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Intelligenz: kein Mythos, sondern Realität
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“The intelligence quotient correlates with education, social class, physical mobility, the global state of health, and even lifespan [21].”
BackgroundEXPLORATIONS OF COGNITIVE AGILITY:A REAL TIME ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
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“The analysis also revealed the importance of cognitive ability, which is a mental capability related to the ability for reasoning, planning, solving problems, learning quickly, and learning from experience (Gottfredson, 1997).”
BackgroundPerceived Importance of Employees' Traits in the Service Industry
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Beyond personality: the impact of GMA on performance for entry‐level service employees
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Making Intelligence: Ethical Values in IQ and ML Benchmarks
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“…ships by advanced Navigation, Guidance and Control systems would require less human supervision or intervention during the voyage and could not only increase the efficiency of ship operation but also enhance the economic, environmental and social sustainability of the maritime transport as a whole.”
BackgroundThe validity of value-added measures in secondary schools
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Fusion of Smart-Sensor Standards and Sensors with Self-Validating Abilities
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Effective Diversity Management Initiatives
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“Horn, in contrast to Spearman (1904) and many other notable researchers (see Gottfredson, 1997; Jensen, 1998; Jensen & Weng, 1994; Johnson, Bouchard, Krueger, McGue, & Gotesman, 2004), did not believe the evidence pointed toward a single factor of intelligence “g”—a unitary construct that is…”
ResultIntelligence: Theories and Issues
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Philosophical and Social Realm
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An Examination of Academic Grit in Urban High Schools
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The Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth at Maturity:Insights into Elements of Genius
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Fusion of smart sensor standards and sensors with self-validating abilities
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Talent on the Frontline: Role Stress and Customer Professionalism in the Banking Industry
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“GMA as Selection Tool “Defined as the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, and learn quickly” (Gottfredson, 1997, pp. 1–12), GMA has been found to be the best predictor of job performance, and the measures of GMA are used to measure applicants’…”
Method“To g or not to g?” — Analysis of the dimensional structure of a cognitive abilities’ battery
Lemos, G. C., Peixoto, F., & Almeida, L. S. (2020) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2020.100523 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Developing Human Resources through Actualizing Human Potential.
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“Personality tests were perceived to predict the likelihood that a person will engage in certain conduct (Doyle, 2016), and GMA tests were perceived to predict employees’ ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, and learn quickly (Gottfredson, 1997).”
BackgroundL'evoluzione dei modelli di psicopatologia: quali implicazioni nella clinica?
Lang, M., & Michelotti, C. (2023) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2022oa15604 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Old and new Models of Cognitive Abilities: The Assessment Conundrum
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THE STUDY OF HUMAN INTELIGENCE: A REVIEW AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM
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“Such categories are widely accepted for assessing general mental ability (see Gottfredson, 1997; Gensen, 1998; Cook, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialBelief and Respect in Multicultural Society: Religious Approach in the Globalised World
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Truth, Love and Justice: A New Paradigm for Education and Its Reform
Clarken, R. H. (2012)
The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund. Changing the Face of Social Science
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Психологічні передумови формування емоційного інтеллекту дитини у дошкільному віці
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Filozofska analiza mehanizmov kognitivnega modeliranja in umetne inteligence v izobraževanju
Aberšek, B., & Aberšek, M. K. (2025) · doi:10.18690/um.fnm.4.2025
Humane Intelligenz und „Künstliche“ Intelligenz im Wettbewerb um die Deutungshoheit – Teil 1 von2
Küppers, E. W. U. (2025) · Informatik-Spektrum · doi:10.1007/s00287-025-01596-0
- Authors
- Gottfredson, L. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gottfredson, Linda S.
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2013958209
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
- Keywords
- energy poverty, cognitive ability, capability poverty, income, information, social networks, social policy, China Family Panel Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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